Identifying highly heritable brain amyloid phenotypes through mining Alzheimer's imaging and sequencing biobank data.

Brain imaging genetics, an emerging and rapidly growing research field, studies the relationship between genetic variations and brain imaging quantitative traits (QTs) to gain new insights into the phenotypic characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the brain. Heritability is an important measurement to quantify the proportion of the observed variance in an imaging QT that is explained by genetic factors, and can often be used to prioritize brain QTs for subsequent imaging genetic association studies. Most existing studies define regional imaging QTs using predefined brain parcellation schemes such as the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) atlas. However, the power to dissect genetic underpinnings under QTs defined in such an unsupervised fashion could be negatively affected by heterogeneity within the regions in the partition. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel method to define highly heritable brain regions. Based on voxelwise heritability estimates, we extract brain regions containing spatially connected voxels with high heritability. We perform an empirical study on the amyloid imaging and whole genome sequencing data from a landmark Alzheimer's disease biobank; and demonstrate the regions defined by our method have much higher estimated heritabilities than the regions defined by the AAL atlas. Our proposed method refines the imaging endophenotype constructions in light of their genetic dissection, and yields more powerful imaging QTs for subsequent detection of genetic risk factors along with better interpretability.