Distinct Interaction Mechanism of RNA Polymerase and ResD at Proximal and Distal Subsites for Transcription Activation of Nitrite Reductase in Bacillus subtilis.

The ResD-ResE signal transduction system plays a pivotal role in anaerobic nitrate respiration in Bacillus subtilis. The operon encoding nitrite reductase is essential for nitrate respiration and is tightly controlled by the ResD response regulator. To understand the mechanism of ResD-dependent transcription activation of the operon, we explored ResD-RNA polymerase (RNAP), ResD-DNA, and RNAP-DNA interactions required for transcription. Full transcriptional activation requires the upstream promoter region where five molecules of ResD bind. The distal ResD-binding subsite at -87 to -84 partially overlaps a sequence similar to the consensus distal subsite of the upstream (UP) element with which the Escherichia coli C-terminal domain of the α subunit (αCTD) of RNAP interacts to stimulate transcription. We propose that interaction between αCTD and ResD at the promoter-distal site is essential for stimulating transcription. Although has an extended -10 promoter, it lacks a reasonable -35 element. Genetic analysis and structural simulations predicted that the absence of the -35 element might be compensated by interactions between σ and αCTD and between αCTD and ResD at the promoter-proximal ResD-binding subsite. Thus, our work suggested that ResD participates in transcription activation by binding to two αCTD subunits at the proximal and distal promoter sites, representing a unique configuration for transcription activation. A significant number of ResD-controlled genes have been identified, and transcription regulatory pathways in which ResD participates have emerged. Nevertheless, the mechanism of how ResD activates transcription of different genes in a nucleotide sequence-specific manner has been less explored. This study suggested that among the five ResD-binding subsites in the promoter of the operon, the promoter-proximal and -distal ResD-binding subsites play important roles in activation by adapting different modes of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The finding of a new type of protein-promoter architecture provides insight into the understanding of transcription activation mechanisms controlled by transcription factors, including the ubiquitous response regulators of two-component regulatory systems, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria.