Portmann Lea, Stojanović Nenad
University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Comp Polit Stud. 2022 Jan;55(1):154-186. doi: 10.1177/00104140211024293. Epub 2021 Jun 29.
An influential explanation for the persistent political underrepresentation of minorities in elected office is that minority candidates are discriminated against by voters of the dominant ethnic group. We argue, however, for the need to distinguish between two forms of discrimination: ingroup favoritism and outgroup hostility. We measure the impact of each by using an extensive data set drawn from Swiss elections, where voters can cast both positive and negative preference votes for candidates. Our results show that immigrant-origin candidates with non-Swiss names incur an electoral disadvantage because they receive more negative preference votes than candidates with typically Swiss names. But we also find that minority candidates face a second disadvantage: voters discriminate in favor of majority candidates by allocating them more positive preference votes. These two forms of electoral discrimination are critically related to a candidate's party, whereas the impact of the specific outgroup to which a minority candidate belongs is less pronounced than expected.
对于少数群体在当选公职中政治代表性持续不足这一现象，一种有影响力的解释是少数族裔候选人受到占主导地位的族群选民的歧视。然而，我们认为有必要区分两种形式的歧视：内群体偏袒和外群体敌意。我们通过使用从瑞士选举中提取的大量数据集来衡量每种形式的影响，在瑞士选举中，选民可以对候选人投出赞成票和反对票。我们的结果表明，拥有非瑞士名字的移民出身候选人会面临选举劣势，因为他们比拥有典型瑞士名字的候选人收到更多的反对票。但我们也发现少数族裔候选人面临第二个劣势：选民通过给多数族裔候选人分配更多赞成票来偏袒他们。这两种选举歧视形式与候选人所属政党密切相关，而少数族裔候选人所属特定外群体的影响并不像预期的那么明显。
