Prevention of infection in acute leukemia: a prospective randomized study on the efficacy of two different drug regimens for antimicrobial prophylaxis.

In a prospective study patients with acute leukemia undergoing remission induction therapy were randomized to receive either a regimen of non-absorbable antimicrobial drugs (colistin and neomycin) or of absorbable and non-absorbable drugs (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SMZ] and colistin) for antibacterial prophylaxis. For antifungal prophylaxis patients in both groups were given oral amphotericin B. The proportion of patients without acquired infections and the median of study time to the first acquired infection did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups (p greater than 0.05). Septicemias occurred in nine out of 49 recipients of colistin and neomycin and in one out of 56 patients receiving TMP-SMZ and colistin (p = 0.03). Localized infections and fever episodes without proven infections were equally distributed between the two groups. The incidence of febrile days and of days on parenteral antibiotic therapy was significantly lower in the group given TMP-SMZ and colistin (p less than 0.05). The duration of severe granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia did not differ significantly between the two groups (p greater than 0.05).