产前 PM 暴露与 6 月龄婴儿气质：敏感窗口与性别特异性关联。
Prenatal PM exposure and infant temperament at age 6 months: Sensitive windows and sex-specific associations.
机构信息
Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
出版信息
Environ Res. 2022 Apr 15;206:112583. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112583. Epub 2021 Dec 17.
BACKGROUND
Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM) has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in later childhood, while research on early infant behavior remains sparse.
OBJECTIVES
We examined associations between prenatal PM exposure and infant negative affectivity, a stable temperamental trait associated with longer-term behavioral and mental health outcomes. We also examined sex-specific effects.
METHODS
Analyses included 559 mother-infant pairs enrolled in the PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) cohort. Daily PM exposure based on geocoded residential address during pregnancy was estimated using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model. Domains of negative affectivity (Sadness, Distress to Limitations, Fear, Falling Reactivity) were assessed using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) when infants were 6 months old. Subscale scores were calculated as the mean of item-specific responses; the global Negative Affectivity (NA) score was derived by averaging the mean of the four subscale scores. Bayesian distributed lag interaction models (BDLIMs) were used to identify sensitive windows for prenatal PM exposure on global NA and its subscales, and to examine effect modification by sex.
RESULTS
Mothers were primarily racial/ethnic minorities (38% Black, 37% Hispanic), 40% had ≤12 years of education; most did not smoke during pregnancy (87%). In the overall sample, BDLIMs revealed that increased PM at mid-pregnancy was associated with higher global NA, Sadness, and Fear scores, after adjusting for covariates (maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, sex). Among boys, increased PM at early pregnancy was associated with decreased Fear scores, while exposure during late pregnancy was associated with increased Fear scores (cumulative effect estimate = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.03-1.41). Among girls, increased PM during mid-pregnancy was associated with higher Fear scores (cumulative effect estimate = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.05-1.91).
CONCLUSIONS
Prenatal PM exposure was associated with negative affectivity at age 6 months, and the sensitive windows may vary by subdomains and infant sex.
背景
直径≤2.5μm（PM）的细颗粒物（PM）的产前暴露与儿童后期的不良神经发育结局有关，而对婴儿早期行为的研究仍然很少。
目的
我们研究了产前 PM 暴露与婴儿负性情绪之间的关系，负性情绪是一种与长期行为和心理健康结果相关的稳定气质特征。我们还研究了性别特异性效应。
方法
分析包括 PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) 队列中的 559 对母婴。在怀孕期间，根据居住地址的地理位置，使用基于卫星的时空模型估计每日 PM 暴露量。当婴儿 6 个月大时，使用婴儿行为问卷修订版（IBQ-R）评估负性情绪的各个领域（悲伤、受限的痛苦、恐惧、摔倒反应）。亚量表得分的计算方法是特定项目反应的平均值；通过平均四个亚量表得分的平均值来计算全球负性情绪（NA）得分。贝叶斯分布式滞后交互模型（BDLIM）用于确定产前 PM 暴露对全球 NA 及其亚量表的敏感窗口，并研究性别对其的修饰作用。
结果
母亲主要是种族/民族少数群体（38%为黑人，37%为西班牙裔），40%的人受教育程度≤12 年；大多数人在怀孕期间不吸烟（87%）。在整个样本中，BDLIM 显示，调整了协变量（母亲年龄、教育程度、种族/民族、性别）后，妊娠中期 PM 增加与全球 NA、悲伤和恐惧得分升高有关。在男孩中，妊娠早期 PM 增加与恐惧得分降低有关，而妊娠晚期 PM 暴露与恐惧得分升高有关（累积效应估计值为 0.57，95%CI：0.03-1.41）。在女孩中，妊娠中期 PM 增加与恐惧得分升高有关（累积效应估计值为 0.82，95%CI：0.05-1.91）。
结论
产前 PM 暴露与 6 个月龄时的负性情绪有关，敏感窗口可能因亚域和婴儿性别而异。
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