Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Phytochemistry. 2022 Mar;195:113069. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113069. Epub 2021 Dec 26.
About 95% of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide are caused by amatoxins and phallotoxins mostly produced by species of Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota. The genus Lepiota is supposed to include a high number of species producing amatoxins. In this study, we investigated 16 species of Lepiota based on 48 recently collected specimens for the presence of amatoxins by liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). By comparing the retention times, UV absorptions, and diagnostic MS fragment ions with data obtained from the benchmark species Amanita phalloides, we detected α-amanitin and γ-amanitin in Lepiota subincarnata, α-amanitin and amaninamide in Lepiota brunneoincarnata, and β-amanitin and α-amanitin in Lepiota elaiophylla. Phallotoxins have not been detected any of these species. Two possibly undescribed amatoxin derivatives were found in Lepiota boudieri and L. elaiophylla, as well as one further non-amatoxin compound in one specimen of L. cf. boudieri. These compounds might be used to differentiate L. elaiophylla from L. xanthophylla and species within the L. boudieri species complex. No amatoxins were detected in L. aspera, L. castanea, L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. erminea, L. felina, L. fuscovinacea, L. lilacea, L. magnispora, L. oreadiformis, L. pseudolilacea, L. sp. (SeSa 5), and L. subalba. By combining the occurrence data of amatoxins with a phylogenetic analysis, a monophyletic group of amatoxin containing species of Lepiota is evident. These chemotaxonomic results highlight the relevance of systematic relationships for the occurrence of amatoxins and expand our knowledge about the toxicity of species of Lepiota.
全世界约 95%的致命蘑菇中毒是由鹅膏肽类毒素和鬼笔肽类毒素引起的，这些毒素主要存在于鹅膏菌属、盔孢伞属和环柄菇属的物种中。环柄菇属被认为包含大量产生鹅膏肽类毒素的物种。在这项研究中，我们基于最近收集的 48 个标本，对 16 种环柄菇属物种进行了研究，通过液相色谱-二极管阵列检测和质谱联用（UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS）检测其是否存在鹅膏肽类毒素。通过比较保留时间、紫外吸收和诊断 MS 碎片离子与从标准物种鹅膏菌属（Amanita phalloides）获得的数据，我们在浅黄鹅膏（Lepiota subincarnata）中检测到α-鹅膏肽和γ-鹅膏肽，在深棕鹅膏（Lepiota brunneoincarnata）中检测到α-鹅膏肽和鹅膏氨酸酰胺，在埃莱奥坡里鹅膏（Lepiota elaiophylla）中检测到β-鹅膏肽和α-鹅膏肽。在这些物种中均未检测到鬼笔肽类毒素。在白环柄菇（Lepiota boudieri）和埃莱奥坡里鹅膏中发现了两种可能未被描述的鹅膏肽类毒素衍生物，以及在一个白环柄菇属（Lepiota cf. boudieri）标本中发现了一种进一步的非鹅膏肽类毒素化合物。这些化合物可能用于区分埃莱奥坡里鹅膏和黄裙鹅膏（L. xanthophylla）以及白环柄菇种复合体中的物种。在粗鳞鹅膏（L. aspera）、栗色鹅膏（L. castanea）、鸡枞鹅膏（L. clypeolaria）、棱柄鹅膏（L. cristata）、白绒鹅膏（L. erminea）、猫尾鹅膏（L. felina）、浅红鹅膏（L. fuscovinacea）、紫褐鹅膏（L. lilacea）、大孢鹅膏（L. magnispora）、倒卵形鹅膏（L. oreadiformis）、拟白环柄菇（L. pseudolilacea）、环柄菇属（L. sp.）（SeSa 5）和亚白环柄菇（L. subalba）中均未检测到鹅膏肽类毒素。通过将鹅膏肽类毒素的出现数据与系统发育分析相结合，明显形成了一个包含鹅膏肽类毒素的环柄菇属单系群。这些化学分类学结果突出了系统关系对于鹅膏肽类毒素出现的重要性，并扩展了我们对环柄菇属物种毒性的认识。
