Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1342:339-355. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_13.
The expanded approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of multiple cancer types has offered patients more opportunities in treatment selection and survival.Hepatotoxicity is a well-recognized immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with treatment with ICI. It is considered a type of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Depending on the specific ICI and whether the patient receives single- or dual-drug therapy, the incidence of hepatotoxicity in general could be as high as 30%. As more patients receive treatment with ICI, more cases of hepatotoxicity are expected to occur. Clinicians must exercise close pharmacovigilance to recognize liver-related irAEs early.ICI-mediated hepatobiliary toxicity (or "IMH") generally presents as asymptomatic elevations of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, with or without alkaline phosphatase elevation. Some patients may present with jaundice, fever, or malaise. Rarely, it may cause liver failure and death. The diagnosis of IMH is made after careful exclusion of other causes of acute hepatitis based on medical history, laboratory evaluation, imaging, and liver histological findings. In clinically significant cases of IMH, the management involves discontinuation of ICI followed by close monitoring and the initiation of immunosuppression. Current society guidelines, which are not based on robust evidence, specify treatment recommendations depending on the grade of liver injury, according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. However, our clinical experience suggests possible alternatives, including lower corticosteroid dosing with adjunct therapies. Whereas current guidelines endorse permanent cessation of future ICI treatment in patients diagnosed with grades 3-4 IMH, published clinical experience suggests potential for flexibility when assessing for candidacy of resuming ICI.Because histologic bile duct injury has been observed in cases ascribed to IMH, ICI-mediated cholangiopathic disease probably exists on a spectrum within IMH. Even extrahepatic bile duct involvement has been observed. This phenotype warrants special considerations in treatment and surveillance.ICI-related cholecystitis has been rarely reported in the literature. Management follows current standards of care for typical cases of cholecystitis. No relationship with ICI-mediated cholangiopathic disease has been observed.Assessing for and managing ICI-associated pancreatic injury remain challenging to the clinician. Many cases of asymptomatic serum lipase elevation are detected on routine labs without clinical signs or symptoms of typical acute pancreatitis. However, symptomatic patients should be initially managed like traditional cases of acute pancreatitis requiring hospitalization for evaluation and inpatient management.
免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)治疗多种癌症类型的广泛批准为患者提供了更多的治疗选择和生存机会。肝毒性是与 ICI 治疗相关的一种公认的免疫相关不良事件(irAE)。它被认为是一种药物性肝损伤(DILI)。根据特定的 ICI 以及患者接受单药还是双药治疗,肝毒性的总体发生率可能高达 30%。随着越来越多的患者接受 ICI 治疗,预计会出现更多的肝毒性病例。临床医生必须密切进行药物警戒,及早识别与肝相关的 irAE。ICI 介导的肝胆毒性(或“IMH”)通常表现为丙氨酸转氨酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶的无症状升高,伴或不伴碱性磷酸酶升高。一些患者可能出现黄疸、发热或不适。很少情况下,它可能导致肝衰竭和死亡。在根据病史、实验室评估、影像学和肝组织学发现仔细排除其他急性肝炎原因后,即可诊断 IMH。在临床上显著的 IMH 病例中,管理包括停用 ICI,然后密切监测并启动免疫抑制治疗。目前的社会指南,没有基于强有力的证据,根据不良事件常用术语标准(CTCAE)版本 5.0 规定了根据肝损伤程度的治疗建议。然而,我们的临床经验表明,可能存在替代方案,包括用辅助疗法降低皮质类固醇剂量。尽管目前的指南赞成在诊断为 3-4 级 IMH 的患者中永久停止未来的 ICI 治疗,但已发表的临床经验表明,在评估恢复 ICI 的资格时,可能具有一定的灵活性。由于在归因于 IMH 的病例中观察到组织学胆管损伤,因此 ICI 介导的胆管病可能存在于 IMH 谱内。甚至观察到肝外胆管受累。这种表型在治疗和监测中需要特殊考虑。ICI 相关的胆囊炎在文献中很少报道。管理遵循典型胆囊炎的当前护理标准。尚未观察到与 ICI 介导的胆管病的关系。评估和管理 ICI 相关的胰腺损伤仍然对临床医生具有挑战性。许多无症状的血清脂肪酶升高病例在常规实验室检测中被发现,没有典型急性胰腺炎的临床症状或体征。然而,有症状的患者最初应像传统的急性胰腺炎病例一样进行管理,需要住院评估和住院管理。
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