School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, 100191 Beijing, China.
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, 100191 Beijing, China.
Chin Med Sci J. 2021 Dec 31;36(4):323-332. doi: 10.24920/004007.
To get an optimal product of orthopaedic implant or regenerative medicine needs to follow trial-and-error analyses to investigate suitable product's material, structure, mechanical properites etc. The whole process from tests to clinical trials is expensive and time-consuming. Computational model is seen as a useful analysis tool to make the product development. A series of models for simulating tissue engineering process from cell attachment to tissue regeneration are reviewed. The challenging is that models for simulating tissue engineering processes are developed separately. From cell to tissue regeneration, it would go through blood injection after moving out the defect; to cell disperse and attach on the scaffold; to proliferation, migration and differentiation; and to the final part-becoming mature tissues. This paper reviewed models that related to tissue engineering process, aiming to provide an opportunity for researchers to develop a mature model for whole tissue engineering process. This article focuses on the model analysis methods of cell adhesion, nutrient transport and cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in tissue engineering. In cell adhesion model, one of the most accurate method is to use discrete phase model to govern cell movement and use Stanton-Rutland model for simulating cell attachment. As for nutrient transport model, numerical model coupling with volume of fluid model and species transport model together is suitable for predicting nutrient transport process. For cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, finite element method with random-walk algorithm is one the most advanced way to simulate these processes. Most of the model analysis methods require further experiments to verify the accuracy and effectiveness. Due to the lack of technology to detect the rate of nutrient diffusion, there are especially few researches on model analysis methods in the area of blood coagulation. Therefore, there is still a lot of work to be done in the research of the whole process model method of tissue engineering. In the future, the numerical model would be seen as an optimal way to investigate tissue engineering products bioperformance and also enable to optimize the parameters and material types of the tissue engineering products.
为了获得最佳的骨科植入物或再生医学产品，需要进行反复试验和错误分析，以研究合适的产品材料、结构、力学性能等。从测试到临床试验的整个过程都非常昂贵和耗时。计算模型被视为一种有用的分析工具，可以用于产品开发。本文综述了一系列用于模拟组织工程过程的模型，从细胞附着到组织再生。具有挑战性的是，用于模拟组织工程过程的模型是分别开发的。从细胞到组织再生，它会经历从缺陷处移出后的血液注射；细胞分散并附着在支架上；增殖、迁移和分化；以及最终的成熟组织部分。本文综述了与组织工程过程相关的模型，旨在为研究人员提供机会，开发出一个成熟的整个组织工程过程模型。本文重点介绍了组织工程中细胞黏附、营养物质传输以及细胞增殖、分化和迁移的模型分析方法。在细胞黏附模型中，最准确的方法之一是使用离散相模型来控制细胞运动，并使用 Stanton-Rutland 模型来模拟细胞附着。对于营养物质传输模型，数值模型与体积流模型和物质传输模型相结合，适用于预测营养物质传输过程。对于细胞增殖、分化和迁移，有限元方法与随机游走算法相结合是模拟这些过程的最先进方法之一。大多数模型分析方法都需要进一步的实验来验证其准确性和有效性。由于缺乏检测营养扩散速率的技术，在血液凝固领域，模型分析方法的研究尤其少。因此，组织工程全过程模型方法的研究还有很多工作要做。在未来，数值模型将被视为研究组织工程产品生物性能的最佳方法，也能够优化组织工程产品的参数和材料类型。
