Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
Unie van Bosgroepen, Ede, Netherlands.
Environ Pollut. 2022 Apr 1;298:118820. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118820. Epub 2022 Jan 7.
Fluoride (F) is an emerging pollutant that originates from multiple sources and adversely affects plant growth and nutrient bioavailability in soil. This greenhouse study investigated the effects of soil F (0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 mg kg) on morpho-physiological growth characteristics of wheat, soil F contents, and bioavailability and uptake of F, phosphorus (P), sulphur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) by wheat. Higher F significantly reduced plant height and number of leaves particularly at early growth stages and increased visible leaf injury index. Powdery mildew infestation coincided with leafy injury and was higher in elevated soil F treatments. Fluoride treatments (>50 mg kg) significantly increased water (HO)- and calcium chloride (CaCl)-extractable F contents in soil. Water-extractable soil F contents from soil in all concentration were higher than CaCl-extractable F. This increased F bioavailability resulted in significantly higher F uptake and accumulation in live leaves, dead leaves and grains of wheat which followed order: live leaves > dead leaves > grains. Leaf injury index and number of dead leaves correlated significantly positively with soil HO- and CaCl-extractable F contents. Patterns of nutrient (P, K, S) and trace metals (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Si, Zn) varied significantly with F concentrations and between live and dead leaves, and grains except for Zn. Dead leaves generally had higher nutrients and trace metals than live leaves and grains. Fluoride contents in live leaves, dead leaves and grains showed positive correlations with nutrient elements but negative with trace metals. Number of dead leaves correlated negatively with Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, S and Si but positively with P and Zn contents in dead leaves whereas leaf injury index showed positive correlation with Fe, K, P, Si, Zn, S but negative with Al, Ca and Mg contents. These observations provided evidence of higher F uptake and associated impairment in nutrient and trace metal accumulation which caused leaf injury accompanied by powdery mildew infestation in wheat. However, further research in the region is required to confirm the relationship between F pollution, leaf injury and trace metal accumulation in crops under field conditions.
氟（F）是一种新兴污染物，它有多种来源，会对土壤中的植物生长和养分生物有效性产生不利影响。本温室研究调查了土壤氟（0、10、20、50、100、200mg/kg）对小麦形态生理生长特性、土壤氟含量以及氟、磷（P）、硫（S）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、铝（Al）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、硅（Si）和锌（Zn）的生物有效性和吸收的影响。较高的氟浓度显著降低了植物的高度和叶片数量，尤其是在早期生长阶段，并增加了可见的叶片损伤指数。白粉病的侵袭与叶片损伤同时发生，在高土壤氟处理中更为严重。氟化物处理（>50mg/kg）显著增加了土壤中水（HO）和氯化钙（CaCl）可提取的氟含量。所有浓度土壤中 HO 可提取的氟含量均高于 CaCl 可提取的氟含量。这种增加的氟生物有效性导致小麦活体叶片、枯叶和籽粒中氟的吸收和积累显著增加，其顺序为：活体叶片>枯叶>籽粒。叶片损伤指数和枯叶数量与土壤 HO 和 CaCl 可提取的氟含量呈显著正相关。养分（P、K、S）和痕量金属（Al、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Si、Zn）的模式随着氟浓度以及活体叶片、枯叶和籽粒之间发生显著变化，只有 Zn 除外。枯叶一般比活体叶片和籽粒含有更高的养分和痕量金属。活体叶片、枯叶和籽粒中的氟含量与营养元素呈正相关，但与痕量金属呈负相关。枯叶数量与 Al、Ca、Fe、Mg、S 和 Si 呈负相关，但与 P 和 Zn 含量呈正相关，而叶片损伤指数与 Fe、K、P、Si、Zn、S 呈正相关，但与 Al、Ca 和 Mg 含量呈负相关。这些观察结果提供了证据，证明小麦吸收了更多的氟，并且与营养元素和痕量金属积累相关的损害导致叶片损伤，同时白粉病也在侵袭小麦。然而，需要在该地区进行进一步的研究，以确认氟污染、叶片损伤和痕量金属积累之间的关系在田间条件下对作物的影响。
