Snegin E A, Makeeva V M, Kaledin A P, Ostapchuk A M, Alazneli I D, Smurov A V
Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, Russia.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2021 Dec;25(8):822-830. doi: 10.18699/VJ21.095.
The results of studies of the genetic structure of the Central European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) population and four breeds of domestic pigs (Duroc, Yorkshire, Large White and Landrace) bred in the Central Black Earth region of Russia are presented in this work. Based on 12 microsatellite loci, a significant ( p <0.05) decrease in the level of genetic variability in bred breeds was shown. The expected heterozygosity and Shannon index were as follows: in the wild boar, Ho = 0.763 ± 0.026, I = 1.717 ± 0.091; in the Duroc breed, Ho = 0.569 ± 0.068, I = 1.191 ± 0.157; in the Landrace, Ho = 0.618 ± 0.062, I = 1.201 ± 0.147; in the Large White, Ho = 0.680 ± 0.029, I = 1.362 ± 0.074; and in the Yorkshire, Ho = 0.642 ± 0.065, I = 1.287 ± 0.156. The results of checking genotypic Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium based on the G-test of maximum likelihood demonstrated that the overwhelming majority of loci in the wild boar population were in the state of said equilibrium. By contrast, in pig breed populations, some loci demonstrated a significant deviation from the indicated equilibrium. In addition, the Yorkshire, Large White, and Landrace populations had loci, for which the hypothesis of neutrality was reliably rejected based on the results of the Ewens-Watterson test. The revealed private alleles, characteristic of the wild boar and breeds, can later be used to identify them. The ordination of the centroids of different herds in the space of the first two principal coordinates based on the matrix of pairwise estimates of Nei's genetic distances showed that the most distant populations are the Duroc and Boar breeds, and the most genetically close are the Yorkshire and Landrace breeds. The closest to the wild boar population was the Large White breed. The assessment of the effective size, carried out using the method based on the linkage disequilibrium and the molecular coancestry method, showed that in all studied groups, including the wild boar population, the effective size was less than 100 individuals. The low effective size of the wild boar population (Ne = 21.8, Neb = 4.0) is probably caused by the death and shooting of animals due to Pestis africana suum.
本文展示了对俄罗斯中央黑土地区的中欧野猪（Sus scrofa scrofa）种群以及四个家猪品种（杜洛克、约克夏、大白猪和长白猪）的遗传结构研究结果。基于12个微卫星位点，研究表明养殖品种的遗传变异水平显著（p <0.05）降低。预期杂合度和香农指数如下：野猪中，Ho = 0.763 ± 0.026，I = 1.717 ± 0.091；杜洛克品种中，Ho = 0.569 ± 0.068，I = 1.191 ± 0.157；长白猪中，Ho = 0.618 ± 0.062，I = 1.201 ± 0.147；大白猪中，Ho = 0.680 ± 0.029，I = 1.362 ± 0.074；约克夏猪中，Ho = 0.642 ± 0.065，I = 1.287 ± 0.156。基于最大似然G检验对基因型哈迪 - 温伯格平衡进行检验的结果表明，野猪种群中的绝大多数位点处于所述平衡状态。相比之下，在猪品种群体中，一些位点显示出与所述平衡存在显著偏差。此外，约克夏、大白猪和长白猪群体中的一些位点，基于Ewens - Watterson检验结果，其中性假设被可靠地拒绝。所揭示的野猪和品种特有的私有等位基因，随后可用于对它们进行识别。基于Nei遗传距离的成对估计矩阵，在前两个主坐标空间中对不同群体质心进行排序，结果表明距离最远的群体是杜洛克和野猪品种，遗传关系最密切的是约克夏和长白猪品种。最接近野猪种群的是大白猪品种。使用基于连锁不平衡的方法和分子共祖方法进行有效大小评估，结果表明在所有研究群体中，包括野猪种群，有效大小均小于100个个体。野猪种群的低有效大小（Ne = 21.8，Neb = 4.0）可能是由于非洲猪瘟导致动物死亡和被射杀。
