Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
Aging Ment Health. 2023 Feb;27(2):434-444. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2032594. Epub 2022 Feb 9.
Studies have shown that grit-defined as perseverance and passion for achieving one's long-term goals-is associated with improved health outcomes, including lower levels of psychological distress. However, the psychometric properties of the original Grit Scale (Grit-O Scale) has not been validated among sexual minority men (SMM). The present study aimed to validate the Grit-O Scale among a sample of older SMM and assess the relationships between the Grit-O Scale factors and symptoms of psychological distress. We used data from a single visit of participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) Healthy Aging longitudinal study. The sample included 981 older SMM (mean age = 61, SD = 8.5) with and without HIV. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify the two factors of the Grit-O Scale: consistency of interest and perseverance of effort. We also conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify distinct profiles of psychological distress from self-reported scales of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress.The Grit-O Scale showed acceptable reliability estimates for the items with Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients ranging from 0.77 to 0.82. The CFA identified the two factors of the Grit-O Scale with acceptable model fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.058 [95% CI = 0.050, 0.067], comparative fit index = 0.95, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.93, standardized root mean square residual = 0.07). The LPA yielded three mutually exclusive profiles of psychological distress (profile 1: low stress, anxiety, and depression; profile 2: high stress and depression and low anxiety; and profile 3: high stress, anxiety, and depression). In adjusted multinominal logistic regression analysis, we found that both higher levels of consistency of interest and perseverance of effort factors of the Grit-O Scale were significantly associated with decreased odds of being in profiles 2 and 3 compared with being in profile 1. Our findings support the use of the Grit-O Scale among older SMM. Grit factors could explain variability in the negative psychological symptoms among older SMM and warrant further investigation.Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2032594.
研究表明，毅力——定义为对实现长期目标的坚持和热情——与改善健康结果有关，包括降低心理困扰水平。然而，原始毅力量表（Grit-O 量表）的心理计量学特性尚未在性少数男性（SMM）中得到验证。本研究旨在验证老年 SMM 样本中的 Grit-O 量表，并评估 Grit-O 量表因子与心理困扰症状之间的关系。我们使用了参加多中心艾滋病队列研究（MACS）健康老龄化纵向研究的参与者单次就诊的数据。样本包括 981 名年龄较大的 SMM（平均年龄=61，标准差=8.5），包括有和没有 HIV 的参与者。我们进行了验证性因素分析（CFA），以确定 Grit-O 量表的两个因素：兴趣一致性和努力坚持性。我们还进行了潜在剖面分析（LPA），以从自我报告的抑郁、焦虑和感知压力量表中确定不同的心理困扰特征。Grit-O 量表的项目具有可接受的可靠性估计，克朗巴赫的阿尔法可靠性系数范围为 0.77 至 0.82。CFA 确定了 Grit-O 量表的两个因素，具有可接受的模型拟合度（近似均方根误差=0.058[95%CI=0.050,0.067]，比较拟合指数=0.95，塔克-刘易斯指数=0.93，标准化均方根残差=0.07）。LPA 产生了三个相互排斥的心理困扰特征（特征 1：低压力、焦虑和抑郁；特征 2：高压力和抑郁以及低焦虑；特征 3：高压力、焦虑和抑郁）。在调整后的多项逻辑回归分析中，我们发现，Grit-O 量表的兴趣一致性和努力坚持性因素水平较高，与处于特征 2 和特征 3（与特征 1 相比）的可能性降低显著相关。我们的研究结果支持在老年 SMM 中使用 Grit-O 量表。毅力因素可以解释老年 SMM 中负面心理症状的变异性，值得进一步研究。本文的补充数据可在 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2032594 在线获取。
