The Ethylene Biosynthesis Gene : A New Player in the Regulation of Sex Determination and Female Flower Development in .

A methanesulfonate-generated mutant has been identified in that alters sex determination. The mutation converts female into hermaphrodite flowers and disrupts the growth rate and maturation of petals and carpels, delaying female flower opening, and promoting the growth rate of ovaries and the parthenocarpic development of the fruit. Whole-genome resequencing allowed identification of the causal mutation of the phenotypes as a missense mutation in the coding region of , which encodes for a type I ACO enzyme that shares a high identity with CsACO3 and CmACO1. The so-called reduced ACO1 activity and ethylene production in the different organs where the gene is expressed, and reduced ethylene sensitivity in flowers. Other sex-determining genes, such as , , and , were differentially expressed in the mutant, indicating that ethylene provided by CpACO1A but also the transcriptional regulation of , , , and are responsible for determining the fate of the floral meristem toward a female flower, promoting the development of carpels and arresting the development of stamens. The positive regulation of ethylene on petal maturation and flower opening can be mediated by inducing the biosynthesis of JA, while its negative control on ovary growth and fruit set could be mediated by its repressive effect on IAA biosynthesis.