Combining an Intensive Green Roof with Seismic Retrofitting of Typical Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Israel.

This study suggests an intensive green roof as part of a sustainable and hazard-resistant conceptual design for the retrofitting of old buildings in Israel. The roof is suggested to be built with waste-based materials. A five-story reinforced concrete residential building was retrofitted with: Case 1: concrete wall strengthening (CWS)-conventional concrete + conventional green roof; Case 2: CWS-waste-included concrete + waste-based green roof; Case 3: seismic isolation columns (SIC)-conventional concrete + conventional green roof; and Case 4: SIC-waste-included concrete + waste-based green roof. Palekastro, Nuweiba, Tabas, and Erzincan ground motions were used for a structural dynamic time-history analysis of the retrofitted buildings. Life cycle assessments of cases 1-4 were performed using ReCiPe 2016 midpoint and endpoint evaluations. A two-stage analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the ReCiPe endpoint results. According to the seismic results, Case 3 and Case 4 were much more preferable to Case 1 and Case 2, whereas according to the environmental evaluations, Case 4 was the most preferable to the other cases.