Johnston G R, Walter P A, Feeney D A
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1986 Mar;16(2):261-92. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50030-9.
Radiopaque uroliths and nonradiopaque (water density) uroliths are filling defects encountered in the urinary tracts of dogs and cats. Other free luminal and attached soft tissue density filling defects encountered during uroradiographic special procedures include blood clots, air bubbles, hematomas, granulomas, abscesses, inflammatory and neoplastic polyps. Nonradiopaque uroliths cannot be identified on survey radiographs from other soft tissue dense structures. Gray scale ultrasonography can be used to differentiate nonradiopaque (water dense) uroliths from other soft tissue attached or free luminal filling defects of the excretory pathway. The differential radiographic features of filling defects encountered during cystography and urethrography are described and illustrated.
不透射线的尿路结石和非不透射线（水密度）的尿路结石是在犬猫尿路中遇到的充盈缺损。在尿路造影特殊检查过程中遇到的其他游离管腔和附着的软组织密度充盈缺损包括血凝块、气泡、血肿、肉芽肿、脓肿、炎性息肉和肿瘤性息肉。非不透射线的尿路结石在平片上无法与其他软组织致密结构区分开来。灰阶超声可用于区分非不透射线（水密度）的尿路结石与排泄途径中其他附着于软组织或游离管腔的充盈缺损。文中描述并举例说明了膀胱造影和尿道造影过程中遇到的充盈缺损的鉴别影像学特征。
