Department of Behavioural Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022 Apr;224:103536. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103536. Epub 2022 Feb 19.
People's attitudes toward time, the time perspectives (TPs) rooted in past experiences, might be crucial for the emotional evaluation of life events, such as painful situations. In a survey-based study (N = 353), we investigated the relationship of TPs with the self-perceived affective and physical aspects of pain. Specifically, we hypothesised that past-negative TP would be associated with a negative emotional appraisal of pain characterised by higher pain-related catastrophizing, fear, and physical sensitivity to pain. We tested this hypothesis with hierarchical regression models, adding depression, anxiety, and variables of early life circumstances to the model stepwise. Early life circumstances (i.e., socioeconomic status, household unpredictability, and family resources) were measured retrospectively using questionnaires. In addition, based on the results of the regression analyses, we built a structural equation model (SEM) and tested whether past-negative mediates the effect of household unpredictability toward emotional and physical appraisal of pain. We found that individuals scoring high on past-negative TP had greater pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear, and sensitivity to pain. Further, there was evidence that these associations are independent from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Finally, SEM analysis suggested that unpredictable early life circumstances were directed toward intense, negatively emotionalised pain perception via the mediation of the past-negative TP. The findings generally support the view that pain behaviour is formed by emotional states and attitudes that are linked to past experiences that are not necessarily specific to the context of pain.
人们对时间的态度，即根植于过去经验的时间观念（TPs），可能对生活事件（如痛苦情境）的情感评估至关重要。在一项基于调查的研究中（N=353），我们研究了 TPs 与自我感知的疼痛的情感和身体方面之间的关系。具体来说，我们假设过去消极的 TP 与对疼痛的负面情绪评估有关，其特征是更高的与疼痛相关的灾难化、恐惧和对疼痛的身体敏感性。我们使用分层回归模型来检验这一假设，逐步向模型中添加抑郁、焦虑和早期生活环境变量。早期生活环境（即社会经济地位、家庭不可预测性和家庭资源）使用问卷进行回顾性测量。此外，根据回归分析的结果，我们构建了一个结构方程模型（SEM），并检验了过去消极是否介导了家庭不可预测性对疼痛的情感和身体评估的影响。我们发现，过去消极 TP 得分较高的个体对疼痛的灾难化、与疼痛相关的恐惧和对疼痛的敏感性更大。此外，有证据表明这些关联独立于抑郁、焦虑和早期生活环境。最后，SEM 分析表明，不可预测的早期生活环境通过过去消极的 TP 指向强烈的、消极情感化的疼痛感知。这些发现普遍支持这样一种观点，即疼痛行为是通过与过去经验相关的情绪状态和态度形成的，而这些经验不一定与疼痛的背景有关。
