People and Performance, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Psychology, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
PeerJ. 2024 May 1;12:e17373. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17373. eCollection 2024.
Chronic time pressure represents a prevalent concern within modern society, and effective measurement is crucial for research advancement. The Chronic Time Pressure Inventory (CTPI) has thus far demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. However, only two studies have examined the measure and evidence of its validity is limited. Accordingly, the current investigation, two independent studies, assessed the factorial composition and validity (convergent/discriminant) of the CTPI.
Study 1 ( = 398) examined competing factorial models and validity in relation to the Big Five personality traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness). Study 2 ( = 358) replicated the analysis of factor structure and assessed validity in comparison with five time perspectives (Past Negative, Present Fatalistic, Future, Past Positive, Present Hedonistic). Participants across both studies completed standardized self-report measures capturing the variables.
Comparison of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) factor solutions indicated that an ESEM bifactor model provided the strongest data-model fit. This included a general chronic time pressure component alongside specific subfactors of Feeling Harried and Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage. All scale items reflected the general factor; however, some items loaded weakly on the intended specific factor. The CTPI is thus a robust indicator of chronic time pressure but needs refinement as a measure of the specific factors. Convergent/discriminant validity analyses inferred that the CTPI captured chronic time pressure as a related, but distinct, construct to perceived stress, and evidenced a relationship with theoretically associated constructs (Big Five personality traits and time perspective). Overall, the CTPI is a sound measure of chronic time pressure and has the potential to further cohesive research efforts on the contribution of this construct to various life domains.
慢性时间压力是现代社会普遍存在的问题，有效的测量方法对于研究进展至关重要。慢性时间压力量表（CTPI）迄今为止已经证明了其良好的心理测量学特性。然而，只有两项研究对该量表进行了检验，其有效性的证据有限。因此，本研究通过两项独立的研究，评估了 CTPI 的因子结构和有效性（聚合/区分）。
研究 1（n=398）检验了竞争的因子模型以及与大五人格特质（外向性、宜人性、尽责性、神经质、开放性）的有效性。研究 2（n=358）复制了因子结构的分析，并与五种时间观（过去消极、现在宿命、未来、过去积极、现在享乐）进行了比较。两项研究的参与者都完成了标准化的自我报告测量，以捕捉变量。
验证性因子分析（CFA）和探索性结构方程模型（ESEM）因子解决方案的比较表明，ESEM 双因素模型提供了最强的数据模型拟合。这包括一个普遍的慢性时间压力成分以及特定的感到忙碌和认知时间短缺的子因素。所有量表项目都反映了一般因素；然而，有些项目在预期的特定因素上的负荷较弱。因此，CTPI 是慢性时间压力的一个可靠指标，但作为特定因素的测量需要进一步改进。聚合/区分有效性分析推断，CTPI 捕捉到慢性时间压力是一种相关但不同的结构，与感知压力有关，并与理论上相关的结构（大五人格特质和时间观）有关。总体而言，CTPI 是一种测量慢性时间压力的可靠方法，有潜力进一步促进该结构在各种生活领域的综合研究。
