Phylogenetic relationships between three Korean pit viper Gloydius (Serpentes: Crotalinae) species using mitochondrial DNA genes.

BACKGROUND

Molecular phylogenetic studies of the Asian pit viper genus Gloydius have been widely published in Asia, but Korea population have not been conducted till date.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of three Gloydius species (G. saxatilis, G. brevicaudus, and G. ussuriensis) from Korea with other Gloydius species, based on Cytochrome b and ND4.

METHODS

We compared 160 samples representing the three species with those of 17 reference species and their phylogenetic status and genetic diversity were analyzed with concatenated sequences of two mitochondrial DNA.

RESULTS

Korean G. brevicaudus and G. saxatilis showed high haplotype diversity and relatively low and moderate nucleotide diversity, respectively. Although G. ussuriensis showed high genetic diversity, it was low in the Baengnyeong Island population. The phylogenetic tree represented two major lineages. One major lineage comprised G. ussuriensis, G. tsushimaensis, G. blomhoffii, and G. brevicaudus. The Chinese G. ussuriensis belonged to the same clade as the Korean G. ussuriensis and was closely related to the Baengnyeong Island population. Moreover, G. tsushimaensis was closely related to G. ussuriensis from southwestern Korean and Jeju Island populations. The other major lineage comprised the remaining 12 species and G. saxatilis. Korean G. saxatilis was closely related to G. saxatilis, G. shedanoensis, and G. intermedius from China.

CONCLUSION

The phylogenetic status of the Korean Gloydius species in comparison with the other Gloydius species was identified. We suggesting the conservation management unit for the Baengnyeong Island population, while the current conservation status of Korean G. saxatilis is suggested to be revised to a higher level.