Giordano J M, Trout H H
J Vasc Surg. 1986 Jun;3(6):924-8. doi: 10.1067/mva.1986.avs0030924.
The inferior vena cava is formed by a complex process of embryogenesis during the sixth to tenth week of gestation. Improper completion of the process may result in four anatomic anomalies: duplication of the inferior vena cava, transposition or left-sided inferior vena cava, retroaortic left renal vein, and circumaortic left renal vein. The first two anomalies can be diagnosed by sonography and all four anomalies can be seen on CT scan of the abdomen. Duplication and transposition of the inferior vena cava should be further delineated by preoperative phlebography. Preoperative diagnosis of the anomalies should reduce the complication rate of abdominal aortic operations.
下腔静脉是在妊娠第六至十周期间通过复杂的胚胎发生过程形成的。该过程的不当完成可能导致四种解剖学异常：下腔静脉重复、转位或左侧下腔静脉、主动脉后左肾静脉和主动脉周围左肾静脉。前两种异常可通过超声检查诊断，所有四种异常均可在腹部CT扫描中看到。下腔静脉重复和转位应在术前静脉造影进一步明确。对这些异常进行术前诊断应能降低腹主动脉手术的并发症发生率。
