Catalytic Reduction of Environmental Pollutants with Biopolymer Hydrogel Cross-Linked Gelatin Conjugated Tin-Doped Gadolinium Oxide Nanocomposites.

In the present study, a biopolymer nanocomposite hydrogel based on gelatin and tin-doped gadolinium oxide (Sn-GdO@GH) was prepared for the efficient reduction of water pollutants. The method of Sn-GdO@GH preparation consisted of two steps. A Sn-GdO nanomaterial was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and mixed with a hot aqueous solution (T > 60 °C) of gelatin polymer, followed by cross-linking. Due to the presence of abundant functional groups on the skeleton of gelatin, such as carboxylic acid (-COOH) and hydroxyl (-OH), it was easily cross-linked with formaldehyde. The structure, morphology, and composition of Sn-GdO@GH were further characterized by the FESEM, XRD, EDX, and FTIR techniques. The FESEM images located the distribution of the Sn-GdO nanomaterial in a GH matrix of 30.06 nm. The XRD patterns confirmed the cubic crystalline structure of GdO in a nanocomposite hydrogel, while EDS elucidated the elemental composition of pure Sn-GdO powder and cross-linked the Sn-GdO@GH samples. The synthesized Sn-GdO@GH nanocomposite was used for the removal of different azo dyes and nitrophenols (NPs). It exhibited an efficient catalytic reduction of Congo red (CR) with a reaction rate of 9.15 × 10 min with a strong NaBH-reducing agent. Moreover, the Sn-GdO@GH could be easily recovered by discharging the reduced (colourless) dye, and it could be reused for a fresh cycle.