Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2022 Mar 14;8(3):1001-1027. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01416. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are emerging materials systems, with structures and compositions gradually changing in a particular direction. Consequently, the properties of the materials gradually change in the desired direction to achieve particular nonhomogeneous service demands without abrupting the compositional and behavioral interface at the macroscale. FGMs have been found to have high potential as orthopedic implants; because the functional gradient can be adapted in such a manner that the core of FGM should be compatible with the density and strength of bone, interlayers can maintain the structural integrity and outermost layers would provide bioactivity and corrosion resistance, thus overall tailoring the stress shielding effect. This review article discusses the typical FGM systems existing in nature and the human body, focusing on bone tissue. Further, the reason behind the application of these FGMs systems in orthopedic implants is explored in detail, considering the physical and biological necessities. The substantial focus of the present critical review is devoted to two primary topics related to the usage of FGMs for orthopedic implants: (1) the synthesizing techniques currently available to produce FGMs for load-bearing orthopedic applications and (2) the properties, such as mechanical, structural, and biological behavior of the FGMs. This review article gives an insight into the potential of FGMs for orthopedic applications.
功能梯度材料（FGMs）是新兴的材料体系，其结构和组成在特定方向上逐渐变化。因此，材料的性能在所需方向上逐渐变化，以满足特定的非均匀服役需求，而不会在宏观尺度上突然改变组成和行为界面。已经发现 FGMs 具有作为骨科植入物的巨大潜力；因为功能梯度可以以这样的方式进行适应，即 FGM 的核心应该与骨骼的密度和强度相匹配，夹层可以保持结构完整性，最外层则提供生物活性和耐腐蚀性，从而整体调整应力屏蔽效应。本文讨论了自然界和人体中存在的典型 FGM 系统，重点是骨骼组织。此外，还详细探讨了这些 FGMs 系统在骨科植入物中的应用背后的原因，考虑到物理和生物学的必要性。本批判性综述的主要重点是与骨科植入物中使用 FGMs 相关的两个主要主题：（1）目前可用于生产用于承重骨科应用的 FGMs 的合成技术，以及（2）FGMs 的机械、结构和生物学行为等特性。本文综述深入探讨了 FGMs 在骨科应用中的潜力。
