Adipogenesis and Immunobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Molecules. 2022 Feb 18;27(4):1388. doi: 10.3390/molecules27041388.
Excessive storage of lipids in visceral or ectopic sites stimulates adipokine production, which attracts macrophages. This process determines the pro- and anti-inflammatory response regulation in adipose tissue during obesity-associated systemic inflammation. The present study aimed to identify the composition of L. (basil) seed extract and to determine its bio-efficacy on adipocyte thermogenesis or fatty acid oxidation and inhibition of lipid accumulation and adipokine secretion. L. seed methanol extract (BSME) was utilized to analyze the cytotoxicity vs. control; lipid accumulation assay (oil red O and Nile red staining), adipogenesis and mitochondrial-thermogenesis-related gene expression vs. vehicle control were analyzed by PCR assay. In addition, vehicle control and BSME-treated adipocytes condition media were collected and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage to identify the macrophage polarization. The results shown that the active components present in BSME did not produce significant cytotoxicity in preadipocytes or macrophages in the MTT assay. Furthermore, oil red O and Nile red staining assay confirmed that 80 and 160 μg/dL concentrations of BSME effectively arrested lipid accumulation and inhibited adipocyte maturation, when compared with tea polyphenols. Gene expression level of adipocyte hyperplasia (, ) and lipogenesis ()-related genes have been significantly ( ≤ 0.05) downregulated, and mitochondrial-thermogenesis-associated genes (, , ) have been significantly ( ≤ 0.001) upregulated. The BSME-treated, maturing, adipocyte-secreted proteins were detected with a decreased protein level of leptin, TNF-α, IL-6 and STAT-6, which are associated with insulin resistance and macrophage recruitment. The "LPS-stimulated macrophage" treated with "BSME-treated adipocytes condition media", shown with significant ( ≤ 0.001) decrease in metabolic-inflammation-related proteins-such as PGE-2, MCP-1, TNF-α and NF-κB-were majorly associated with the development of foam cell formation and progression of atherosclerotic lesion. The present findings concluded that the availability of active principles in basil seed effectively inhibit adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage polarization, and the inflammation associated with insulin resistance and thrombosis development. L. seed may be useful as a dietary supplement to enhance fatty acid oxidation, which aids in overcoming metabolic complications.
内脏或异位部位脂肪的过度储存会刺激 adipokine 的产生，从而吸引巨噬细胞。这个过程决定了肥胖相关系统性炎症期间脂肪组织中促炎和抗炎反应的调节。本研究旨在确定罗勒（basil）种子提取物的组成，并确定其对脂肪细胞产热或脂肪酸氧化以及抑制脂质积累和 adipokine 分泌的生物功效。利用罗勒种子甲醇提取物（BSME）分析细胞毒性与对照；通过 PCR 分析脂质积累测定（油红 O 和尼罗红染色）、脂肪生成和线粒体产热相关基因表达与对照；此外，收集对照和 BSME 处理的脂肪细胞条件培养基，并与脂多糖（LPS）诱导的巨噬细胞一起处理，以鉴定巨噬细胞极化。结果表明，BSME 中的活性成分在 MTT 测定中对前脂肪细胞或巨噬细胞没有产生显著的细胞毒性。此外，油红 O 和尼罗红染色实验证实，80 和 160μg/dL 浓度的 BSME 可有效阻止脂质积累并抑制脂肪细胞成熟，与茶多酚相比。脂肪细胞增生（、）和脂生成（）相关基因的表达水平显著（≤0.05）下调，线粒体产热相关基因（、、）显著（≤0.001）上调。用“BSME 处理的、成熟的、脂肪细胞分泌的蛋白质”检测到瘦素、TNF-α、IL-6 和 STAT-6 的蛋白水平降低，这些与胰岛素抵抗和巨噬细胞募集有关。用“BSME 处理的脂肪细胞条件培养基处理的 LPS 刺激的巨噬细胞”，与代谢炎症相关蛋白（如 PGE-2、MCP-1、TNF-α 和 NF-κB）的显著（≤0.001）减少相关，主要与泡沫细胞形成和动脉粥样硬化病变的进展有关。本研究结果表明，罗勒种子中的活性成分可有效抑制脂肪细胞肥大、巨噬细胞极化以及与胰岛素抵抗和血栓形成发展相关的炎症。罗勒种子可能作为膳食补充剂有用，以增强脂肪酸氧化，从而有助于克服代谢并发症。
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