Department of Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran.
J Investig Med. 2022 Jun;70(5):1212-1218. doi: 10.1136/jim-2021-002194. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
Exosomes are small vesicles covered by a lipid bilayer, ranging in size from 50 nm to 90 nm, secreted by different cell types in the body under normal and pathological conditions. They are surrounded by cell-segregated membrane complexes and play a role in the pathological and physiological environments of target cells by transfer of different molecules such as microRNA (miRNA). Exosomes have been detected in many body fluids, such as in the amniotic fluid, urine, breast milk, blood, saliva, ascites, semen, and bile. They include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, and miRNA, which have many functions in target cells under pathological and physiological conditions. They participate in pathological processes such as tumor growth and survival, autoimmunity, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, inflammation conditions, and others. Biomarkers in exosomes isolated from body fluids have allowed for a more precise and consistent diagnostic method than previous approaches. Exosomes can be used in a variety of intracellular functions, and with advances in molecular techniques they can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases, including cancer. These vesicles play a significant role in various stages of cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes have an important role in tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. In contrast, the use of stem cells in cancer treatment is a relatively new scientific area. We hope to address targeted use of miRNA-carrying exosomes in cancer therapy in this review paper.
外泌体是由脂质双层覆盖的小囊泡，大小在 50nm 到 90nm 之间，在正常和病理条件下，由体内不同类型的细胞分泌。它们被细胞分隔的膜复合物包围，通过传递不同的分子，如 microRNA（miRNA），在靶细胞的病理和生理环境中发挥作用。外泌体已在许多体液中被检测到，如羊水、尿液、母乳、血液、唾液、腹水、精液和胆汁。它们包含蛋白质、脂质和核酸，如 DNA、RNA 和 miRNA，在病理和生理条件下在靶细胞中有许多功能。它们参与肿瘤生长和存活、自身免疫、神经退行性疾病、传染病、炎症等病理过程。从体液中分离的外泌体中的生物标志物允许比以前的方法更精确和一致的诊断方法。外泌体可用于多种细胞内功能，并且随着分子技术的进步，它们可用于治疗和诊断许多疾病，包括癌症。这些囊泡在癌症的各个阶段都起着重要的作用。肿瘤衍生的外泌体在肿瘤生长、存活和转移中起着重要作用。相比之下，在癌症治疗中使用干细胞是一个相对较新的科学领域。我们希望在这篇综述论文中讨论针对 miRNA 携带的外泌体在癌症治疗中的靶向应用。
