University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine-Mazzoni Hospital, Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
Ageing Res Rev. 2022 May;77:101596. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101596. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
Old age is characterized by a peculiar low-grade, chronic, and "sterile" inflammatory state, which has been termed "inflammaging." This is believed to substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases and to the progression of the ageing process. An adequate nutritional status is of great importance for maintaining proper immune system functionality and preventing frailty in the elderly.
The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize what is known about the interaction between inflammaging and nutrition, focusing on the role of the Mediterranean diet, gut microbiota and calorie restriction (CR) in reducing systemic inflammation and improving clinical outcomes.
Dietary components may affect inflammation directly, counteracting the low grade age-related inflammation. In this regard, healthy diets, including the Mediterranean diet, are associated with lower concentrations of inflammatory mediators, like C-reactive protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), that are hallmarks of inflammaging. Among the components of a healthy diet, a higher intake of whole grains, vegetables and fruits, nuts and fish are all associated with lower inflammation. One area of promising research is the microbiome-ageing interaction. Indeed, dysbiosis plays a role in sub-optimal metabolism, immune function and brain function and contributes to the poor health and impaired well-being associated with ageing. Modulation of the gut microbiota has shown promising results in some disorders. Additionally, the discovery of several molecular pathways associated with ageing, and the characterization of the beneficial effects of calorie restriction (CR) in modulating metabolic pathways and preventing inflammation, should encourage research on CR mimetics, drugs able to promote lifespan and extend healthspan.
衰老的特点是一种特殊的低度、慢性和“无菌”炎症状态，这种状态被称为“炎症衰老”。据信，这在很大程度上导致了许多与年龄相关的疾病的发病机制，并导致衰老过程的进展。适当的营养状况对于维持适当的免疫系统功能和预防老年人虚弱非常重要。
本综述的目的是综合了解炎症衰老与营养之间的相互作用，重点关注地中海饮食、肠道微生物群和热量限制（CR）在降低全身炎症和改善临床结局方面的作用。
饮食成分可能会直接影响炎症，从而抵消与年龄相关的低度炎症。在这方面，健康的饮食，包括地中海饮食，与较低浓度的炎症介质有关，如 C 反应蛋白（CRP）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α），这些都是炎症衰老的标志。在健康饮食的成分中，较高的全谷物、蔬菜和水果、坚果和鱼类摄入量与较低的炎症有关。一个有前途的研究领域是微生物组与衰老的相互作用。事实上，肠道菌群失调在代谢、免疫功能和大脑功能的优化方面起着作用，并导致与衰老相关的健康状况不佳和幸福感受损。调节肠道微生物群在某些疾病中显示出了有希望的结果。此外，与衰老相关的几个分子途径的发现，以及热量限制（CR）在调节代谢途径和预防炎症方面的有益作用的特征，应该鼓励对 CR 模拟物的研究，这些药物能够促进寿命延长和健康寿命延长。
