Effective treatment of acid mine drainage using a combination of MgO-nanoparticles and a series of constructed wetlands planted with Vetiveria zizanioides: A hybrid and stepwise approach.

In this novel study, acid mine drainage (AMD) was treated using a hybrid approach comprising a nano-and-biotic system synergistically integrated in a step-wise and modular fashion. Specifically, the treatment chains were made up of different stages, which comprise, neutralization using activated magnesite or MgO-nanoparticles (NPs) (Stage 1) and polishing the product water using a series of wetlands (Stage 2) in a step-wise connection. In stage One (1), real AMD was treated with MgO-NPs at a ratio of 1:100 (1 g/100 mL - w/v ratio), 500 rpm of mixing speed, and One (1) hour of hydraulic retention time (HRT) whilst in stage 2, the final water was fed into constructed wetlands, i.e. Three (3) interconnected wetland with different flow modalities [(I) subsurface vertical flow (SSVF-CW), (II) free water surface flow (FWS-CW), and (III) subsurface horizontal flow (SSHF-CW)], for further purification and polishing to the desired product. In this stage, i.e. stage 2, the product water and substrate were collected daily at the outlet and bottom of each wetland. After the treatment process, the pH of the product water was observed to have increased from 2.6 to 10.4. Significant removal of inorganic contaminants was also observed and the following removal sequence was registered, Fe (99.8%) ≥ Al (99.5%) ≥ Mn (99.24%) ≥ Zn (98.36%) ≥ Cu (97.38%) ≥ Ni (97.7%) ≥ SO (80.59%). Reduction in electrical conductivity (EC) was also observed (86%). Specifically, the nano-part removed the metals and sulphate partially whereas the bio-part effectively removed SO and EC levels, thus denoting stellar combination and complementary performance for the hybrid system in integrated fashion. The state-of-the-art analytical instruments were used to underpin and succinct the fate of chemical species in raw and product MgO-NPs, substrates, and the grass. Finally, the product water conformed to the prescribed standards for effluent discharge hence proving that the synergy of neutralization and bio-remediation, i.e. nano-and-biotic system, could potentially yield the desired results in mine water management and afield. This will go a long way in curtailing ecological footprints associated with mining activities thus fostering the concept of sustainable development.