Borde Elis, Hernández-Álvarez Mario
Federal University of Minas Gerais / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Brazil.
National University of Colombia / Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL), Colombia.
Soc Sci Med. 2022 Apr;298:114854. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114854. Epub 2022 Feb 25.
Based on a comparative case study on two neighborhoods in Bogota and Rio de Janeiro (2017-2019) and a comprehensive literature review, this article proposes a critical Public Health approach to urban violence and makes a case for understanding the phenomenon in the context of market-driven urban territorial restructuring processes that assume specific qualities in cities of the Global South. The case studies are based on focus groups and semi-structured interviews with residents, specialists and community leaders. It is argued that urban violence is a key public health challenge, particularly in Latin America, given its dimensions and its impact on the populations' life and health. In this regard it configures "fractured lives" in what urban scholars have termed "fractured cities" - essentially unequal and polarized cities that are not merely sites of urban violence but, as we argue in this article, fundamentally shape urban violence, its qualities, dynamics and dimensions. The study is informed by a unique theoretical articulation between Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health, critical (Latin American) geographical theory and authoritarian neoliberalism literature and shows how urban violence is directly implied in the territorial making and un-making of the cities, driven by commodification as well as both legal and illegal capitalist market logics, that include but are not limited to drug trade. The cases reflect the violence implied in permanent threats of eviction and displacement, "necropolitical" police/military interventions and what is described as a silent imposition of a "slow death" on infrastructure, the neighborhood and ultimately also its residents, which "fracture" the lives of significant parts of the urban population, produce "ill-being" and bring about health consequences that are rarely considered in relation to urban violence.
基于对波哥大和里约热内卢两个社区的比较案例研究（2017 - 2019年）以及全面的文献综述，本文提出了一种针对城市暴力的批判性公共卫生方法，并主张在市场驱动的城市地域重组过程背景下理解这一现象，这种重组过程在全球南方城市具有特定特征。案例研究基于对居民、专家和社区领袖的焦点小组讨论和半结构化访谈。本文认为，城市暴力是一项关键的公共卫生挑战，特别是在拉丁美洲，鉴于其规模及其对民众生活和健康的影响。在这方面，它在城市学者所称的“破碎城市”中构建了“破碎的生活”——本质上是不平等和两极分化的城市，这些城市不仅是城市暴力的发生地，而且正如我们在本文中所论证的，从根本上塑造了城市暴力、其特征、动态和规模。该研究受到拉丁美洲社会医学与集体健康、批判性（拉丁美洲）地理理论以及威权新自由主义文献之间独特理论阐述的启发，并展示了城市暴力如何直接隐含在城市的地域形成和破坏过程中，这一过程由商品化以及合法和非法的资本主义市场逻辑驱动，其中包括但不限于毒品交易。这些案例反映了驱逐和流离失所的永久威胁所隐含的暴力、“死亡政治”的警察/军事干预，以及对基础设施、社区乃至最终对其居民所施加的被描述为“缓慢死亡”的无声影响，这些“破碎”了城市很大一部分人口的生活，产生“不良状态”并带来与城市暴力相关但很少被考虑的健康后果。
