The inhibitory coreceptor CD22 restores B cell signaling by developmentally regulating immunodeficient B cells.

The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 plays a crucial role in B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling by activating Src family kinases. mice show altered B cell development and a phenotype likely due to reduced steady-state signaling; however, B cells show relatively normal BCR ligation-induced signaling. In our investigation of how BCR signaling was restored in cells, we found that the coreceptor CD22 switched from an inhibitory to a stimulatory function in these cells. We disrupted the ability of CD22 to interact with its ligands in B cells by generating mice, which cannot synthesize the glycan ligand of CD22, or by treating B cells in vitro with the sialoside GSC718, which inhibits ligand binding to CD22. BCR ligation-induced signaling was reduced by ST6GalI deficiency, but not by GSC718 treatment, suggesting that CD22 restored BCR ligation-induced signaling in mature B cells by altering cellular phenotypes during development. CD22 was required for the increase in the surface amount of IgM-BCR on B cells, which augmented signaling. Because B cell survival depends on steady-state BCR signaling, IgM-BCR abundance was likely increased by the selective survival of IgM-BCR B cells because of CD22-mediated signaling under conditions of substantially reduced steady-state signaling. Because the amount of surface IgM-BCR is increased on B cells from patients with other BCR signaling deficiencies, including X-linked agammaglobulinemia, our findings suggest that CD22 may contribute to the partial restoration of B cell function in these patients.