Cui H, Zhang L, Shi Y
Department of Polymer Therapeutics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark.
Immunooncol Technol. 2023 Dec 10;21:100695. doi: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100695. eCollection 2024 Mar.
A wide variety of cell surface receptors found on immune cells are essential to the body's immunological defense mechanisms. Cell surface receptors enable immune cells to sense extracellular stimuli and identify pathogens, transmitting activating or inhibitory signals that regulate the immune cell state and coordinate immunological responses. These receptors can dynamically aggregate or disperse due to the fluidity of the cell membrane, particularly during interactions between cells or between cells and pathogens. At the contact surface, cell surface receptors form microclusters, facilitating the recruitment and amplification of downstream signals. The strength of the immune signal is influenced by both the quantity and the specific types of participating receptors. Generally, receptor cross-linking, meaning multivalent ligation of receptors on one cell, leads to greater interface connectivity and more robust signaling. However, intercellular interactions are often spatially restricted by other cellular structures. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend these receptors' features for developing effective immunoengineering approaches. Biomaterials can stimulate and simulate interactions between immune cells and their targets. Biomaterials can activate immune cells to act against pathogenic organisms or cancer cells, thereby offering a valuable immunoengineering toolset for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we systematically summarize biomaterial-based immunoengineering strategies that consider the biology of diverse immune cell surface receptors and the structural attributes of pathogens. By combining this knowledge, we aim to advance the development of rational and effective approaches for immune modulation and therapeutic interventions.
免疫细胞上发现的多种细胞表面受体对于机体的免疫防御机制至关重要。细胞表面受体使免疫细胞能够感知细胞外刺激并识别病原体，传递激活或抑制信号，从而调节免疫细胞状态并协调免疫反应。由于细胞膜的流动性，这些受体可以动态聚集或分散，特别是在细胞间或细胞与病原体之间的相互作用过程中。在接触表面，细胞表面受体形成微簇，促进下游信号的募集和放大。免疫信号的强度受参与受体的数量和特定类型的影响。一般来说，受体交联，即在一个细胞上受体的多价连接，会导致更大的界面连通性和更强的信号传导。然而，细胞间相互作用通常在空间上受到其他细胞结构的限制。因此，了解这些受体的特性对于开发有效的免疫工程方法至关重要。生物材料可以刺激和模拟免疫细胞与其靶标之间的相互作用。生物材料可以激活免疫细胞以对抗致病生物或癌细胞，从而为疫苗接种和免疫治疗提供有价值的免疫工程工具集。在本综述中，我们系统地总结了基于生物材料的免疫工程策略，这些策略考虑了不同免疫细胞表面受体的生物学特性和病原体的结构属性。通过整合这些知识，我们旨在推动合理有效的免疫调节和治疗干预方法的发展。
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