Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
Learn Behav. 2022 Sep;50(3):372-388. doi: 10.3758/s13420-022-00519-3. Epub 2022 Mar 2.
Mammals respond to an unexpected reward omission or reduction with a variety of behavioral and physiological responses consistent with an aversive emotion traditionally called frustrative nonreward. This review focuses on two aspects of frustrative nonreward, namely (1) the evidence for an aversive emotional state activated by the surprising omission or reduction of a rewarding outcome, and (2) the adaptive value of frustration. Frustrative nonreward has been mainly studied in terms of its mechanisms, across development in rats and across vertebrate species in comparative research. However, its adaptive function remains obscure. Following Domjan's approach to animal learning, this article explores a specific adaptive function hypothesis of frustrative nonreward called the incentive disengagement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the adaptive function of frustrative nonreward is to break an attachment to a site, situation, or stimulus that no longer yields appetitive resources (especially food and fluids) to promote the search for rewards in alternative locations. This function is of particular relevance given that mammals are especially vulnerable to reward loss due to their high metabolic rate and the energy demands of their relatively large brain.
哺乳动物对意外的奖励缺失或减少会做出各种行为和生理反应，这些反应与传统上称为挫败性非奖励的厌恶情绪一致。本综述主要关注挫败性非奖励的两个方面，即（1）由奖励结果的意外缺失或减少引起的厌恶情绪状态的证据，以及（2）挫败感的适应价值。挫败性非奖励主要是在大鼠的发展过程中和比较研究中的脊椎动物物种中，从其机制方面进行研究的。然而，其适应功能仍然不清楚。本文采用多玛赞对动物学习的研究方法，探讨了一种特定的适应性功能假说，即激励脱离假说。根据这一假说，挫败性非奖励的适应功能是打破对不再产生食欲资源（特别是食物和液体）的地点、情境或刺激的依恋，以促进在替代地点寻找奖励。鉴于哺乳动物新陈代谢率高，大脑相对较大，对奖励的丧失特别敏感，因此这一功能尤其重要。
