Dissolved PAHs impacted by air-sea interactions: Net volatilization and strong surface current transport in the Eastern Indian Ocean.

In the Indian Ocean, the marine fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is impacted by the unique air-sea interactions with great monsoon characters. By collecting water-column samples during the monsoon transition period, we found PAHs (∑PAH: 1.1-27 ng L) showed significantly different distributions from the Bay of Bengal, Equatorial Indian Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea (p < 0.001). Their vertical profiles showed natural logarithm relationships with depth in the Bay of Bengal and Equatorial Indian Ocean. PAHs were mainly from wood/coal combustion and vehicle emission. The estimation of PAHs' air-seawater exchange flux revealed net volatilizations from seawater except in the Eastern Indian Ocean. The Wyrtki Jet, a surface current driven by the westerly wind, was observed in the equatorial area. This swift current could transport PAHs eastward efficiently with a mass flux of 636 ± 188 g s. The subsurface current, Equatorial Undercurrent, played a less crucial role in PAHs' lateral transport with a flux of 115 ± 31.3 g s. This study preliminarily revealed the role of air-sea interactions on PAHs' transport and fate in the open ocean. The coupled air-sea interactions with biogeochemical processes should be considered in future work.