Analysis of protein phosphorylation using Phos-tag gels.

Phosphorylation is a major regulatory mechanism controlling protein and cell function. Phosphoproteomics is continuing to reveal the extent and complexity of protein phosphorylation. In particular, most proteins are emerging to contain multiple phosphorylation sites. However, phosphoproteomics has outpaced current understanding of the functional roles of individual phospho-sites. In this paper the Phos-tag gel method is presented and discussed in the context of other available tools for phosphorylation research. Strengths and weaknesses of Phos-tag gels are outlined and an integrated approach to phosphorylation research is proposed. SIGNIFICANCE: The Phos-tag gel method has unique strengths especially regarding the analysis of multi-site phosphorylation. A combined approach including Phos-tag gels together with other methods like isotope labelling, phospho-specific antibodies, and mass spectrometry is required to advance current understanding of protein phosphorylation.