Kauss Alba Romero, Antunes Meagan, Zanetti Filippo, Hankins Matthew, Hoeng Julia, Heremans Annie, van der Plas Angela
PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Toxicol Rep. 2022 Mar 6;9:316-322. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.02.012. eCollection 2022.
Halitosis is the general term used to describe any disagreeable odor in exhaled air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or non-oral sources. Previous research has strongly associated tobacco smoking in the development of halitosis, as it increases the synthesis of toxic volatile sulfur compounds in diseased periodontal pockets. In this review, we summarize the etiopathology and epidemiology of halitosis as well as the current evidence on the impact of smoking by means of a meta-analysis.
PubMed and Embase were searched to identify publications that reported halitosis in smokers and nonsmokers. Meta-analyses were performed if a sufficient number (n ≥ 3) of articles were available that evaluated the same outcome.
The meta-analyses showed that there was an increased risk of halitosis in current smokers versus nonsmokers (odds ratios). These results were consistent both in fixed and random effects models. Even though the interstudy heterogeneity was high (I = 91%), sensitivity analysis by limiting the number of studies yielded similar results, with no-to-moderate heterogeneity (I = 0-65%). The analysis comparing ever smokers with never smokers showed no significant difference in the risk of halitosis in ever smokers. The same effect was observed when upon stratifying the analyses on the basis of ascertainment of halitosis (self-reported or measured by a Halimeter).
Halitosis is a common condition which can affect the quality of life of those affected. The results from this literature review and meta-analysis show that current smokers are more likely to suffer from halitosis, even if they are less likely to report it.
口臭是用于描述呼出气体中任何令人不快气味的通用术语，无论有气味的物质是源自口腔还是非口腔来源。先前的研究已将吸烟与口臭的发生紧密关联，因为吸烟会增加患病牙周袋中有毒挥发性硫化合物的合成。在本综述中，我们通过荟萃分析总结了口臭的病因病理和流行病学以及吸烟影响的现有证据。
检索PubMed和Embase以识别报告吸烟者和非吸烟者口臭情况的出版物。如果有足够数量（n≥3）的文章评估相同结果，则进行荟萃分析。
荟萃分析表明，当前吸烟者患口臭的风险高于非吸烟者（优势比）。这些结果在固定效应模型和随机效应模型中均一致。尽管研究间异质性较高（I = 91%），但通过限制研究数量进行的敏感性分析得出了类似结果，异质性为低到中度（I = 0 - 65%）。比较曾经吸烟者与从不吸烟者的分析表明，曾经吸烟者患口臭的风险没有显著差异。在根据口臭的确定方式（自我报告或用口臭测量仪测量）进行分层分析时，也观察到了相同的结果。
口臭是一种常见病症，会影响患者的生活质量。这篇文献综述和荟萃分析的结果表明，当前吸烟者更易患口臭，即便他们不太可能报告自己有口臭。
