EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Sep;69(5):e1825-e1838. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14517. Epub 2022 Mar 24.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). A risk-based partial vaccination campaign was implemented in Champasak, Savannakhet and Xiengkhouang Provinces in Lao PDR in 2016-2020, which had limited effects on reducing the circulation of FMD virus. The objectives of this study were to measure the socioeconomic effects of (i) a clinical FMD occurrence and (ii) the vaccination campaign on livestock production performance of smallholders in Lao PDR in 2016-2020. Two questionnaire surveys were conducted at the beginning (2016) and the end (2020) of the campaign, involving 1609 smallholders in 160 villages comparing areas with and without FMD control. Mixed-effect multivariable regression models were fitted to measure the association between livestock production parameters at the household level (rates of birth, sale, purchase, and death, sale price, costs, gross gains and net gains) and (i) a clinical FMD occurrence and (ii) the vaccination campaign, while adjusting for village, herd size, province, vaccination status and FMD knowledge. We found no significant difference in annual household-level costs, gains and net gains by due absence of FMD. However, smallholders with FMD had a 52% higher cattle death rate, a 43% lower goat sale rate and a 78% lower pig sale price than those without FMD. Smallholders with FMD also had a lower purchase rate of livestock (cattle -15% and pigs -93%) compared with those without FMD. There was a general improvement in livestock production in target villages over the 5 years of the vaccination campaign, whereas there was an overall decline in non-target villages, resulting in USD 218 higher net gains in target villages in 2020 compared with non-target villages, possibly due to reduced severity of disease and improved awareness on FMD and general livestock health. The findings of this study will help improve strategies for sustainable and efficient FMD control in Lao PDR, while the challenges and importance of gaining participation by smallholders are highlighted.
口蹄疫（FMD）在老挝人民民主共和国（老挝 PDR）流行。2016-2020 年，老挝在占巴塞、沙拉湾和丰沙里省实施了基于风险的部分疫苗接种运动，但对减少口蹄疫病毒的传播效果有限。本研究的目的是衡量（i）临床口蹄疫发生和（ii）2016-2020 年疫苗接种运动对老挝小农户畜牧业生产表现的社会经济影响。在运动开始（2016 年）和结束（2020 年）时，进行了两次问卷调查，涉及 1609 名来自 160 个村庄的小农户，比较了有和没有口蹄疫控制的地区。使用混合效应多变量回归模型来衡量家庭层面的畜牧业生产参数（出生率、销售率、购买率和死亡率、销售价格、成本、总收益和净收益）与（i）临床口蹄疫发生和（ii）疫苗接种运动之间的关联，同时调整了村庄、畜群规模、省份、疫苗接种状况和口蹄疫知识。由于口蹄疫的缺席，我们没有发现家庭层面年度成本、收益和净收益的显著差异。然而，患有口蹄疫的小农户的牛死亡率比没有口蹄疫的小农户高 52%，山羊销售率低 43%，猪销售价格低 78%。患有口蹄疫的小农户购买牲畜的比例也低于没有口蹄疫的小农户（牛 -15%，猪 -93%）。在疫苗接种运动的 5 年中，目标村庄的畜牧业生产普遍得到改善，而非目标村庄的畜牧业生产总体下降，导致 2020 年目标村庄的净收益比非目标村庄高出 218 美元，这可能是由于疾病严重程度降低以及对口蹄疫和一般牲畜健康的认识提高所致。本研究的结果将有助于改善老挝可持续和有效的口蹄疫控制策略，同时强调了获得小农户参与的挑战和重要性。
