Current Understanding and Future Perspectives on Hyperprogressive Disease Highlight the Tumor Microenvironment.

Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized traditional cancer therapy. Although many patients have achieved long-term survival benefits from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, there are still some patients who develop rapid tumor progression after immunotherapy, known as HPD. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on HPD after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors to promote a more thorough understanding of the disease. This review focuses on multiple aspects of HPD, especially the tumor microenvironment, with the hope that more reliable biomarkers and therapeutics will be established for HPD in the future.