Disparate genomic characteristics of patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as radiological subsolid or solid lesions.

INTRODUCTION

Early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) manifesting as subsolid nodules (SSNs) exhibit more favorable prognosis than solid nodules (SNs). However, the genomic underpinnings behind their indolent tumor behavior remain largely unexplained.

METHODS

We identified patients with stage I invasive LUAD who underwent complete surgical resection and broad-panel next-generation sequencing (NGS). Comparative genomic profiling was then performed by radiological subtype (SSNs vs. SNs) regarding the general genomic features, driver genes, oncogenic pathways, therapeutic actionability, and evolutionary trajectory.

RESULTS

In total, 177 SSN-LUADs and 133 SN-LUADs were included. Compared with SNs, SSN-LUADs possessed lower somatic mutation count (P < 0.001), genomic alteration count (P = 0.002), and intra-tumor heterogeneity (P = 0.006). In terms of driver genes, SSNs harbored more EGFR mutation (77% vs. 62%), but had lower frequencies of genes such as TP53, ARID1A, PIK3CA, CDKN2A, and BRAF (FDR q < 0.1). Besides, RBM10 mutation was independently associated with SSN-LUADs in multivariate analysis (P = 0.033). Three oncogenic pathways (p53, cell cycle, PI3K) were altered with statistical significance in SNs, while only RNA splicing/processing pathway was significantly altered in SSNs (FDR q < 0.1). Also, SSNs had significantly lower number of pathway alterations (P < 0.001). Finally, SSNs and SNs showed distinct evolutionary trajectories regarding somatic mutations during early-stage LUAD progression.

CONCLUSIONS

This study performed the first direct comparative genomic profiling in pathologic stage I invasive LUAD by radiological subtype, highlighting a less complex genomic architecture of SSNs, which might be the molecular interpretation of their indolent tumor behavior.