Natural Variation in the Control of Flowering and Shoot Architecture in Diploid Species.

In perennial fruit and berry crops of the Rosaceae family, flower initiation occurs in late summer or autumn after downregulation of a strong repressor (), and flowering and fruiting takes place the following growing season. Rosaceous fruit trees typically form two types of axillary shoots, short flower-bearing shoots called spurs and long shoots that are, respectively, analogous to branch crowns and stolons in strawberry. However, regulation of flowering and shoot architecture differs between species, and environmental and endogenous controlling mechanisms have just started to emerge. In woodland strawberry ( L.), long days maintain vegetative meristems and promote stolon formation by activating and (), respectively, while silencing of these factors by short days and cool temperatures induces flowering and branch crown formation. We characterized flowering responses of 14 accessions of seven diploid species native to diverse habitats in the northern hemisphere and selected two species with contrasting environmental responses, Losinsk. and Schlecht. ex J. Gay for detailed studies together with . Similar to , short days at 18°C promoted flowering in , and the species was induced to flower regardless of photoperiod at 11°C after silencing of . maintained higher expression level and likely required cooler temperatures or longer exposure to inductive treatments to flower. We also found that high expression of was associated with stolon formation in all three species, and its downregulation by short days and cool temperature coincided with branch crown formation in and , although the latter did not flower. , in contrast, rarely formed branch crowns, regardless of flowering or expression level. Our findings highlighted diploid species as rich sources of genetic variation controlling flowering and plant architecture, with potential applications in breeding of Rosaceous crops.