攻击性的性别差异:外在愤怒表达的乘法函数。
Gender differences in aggression: A multiplicative function of outward anger expression.
机构信息
Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
出版信息
Aggress Behav. 2022 Jul;48(4):393-401. doi: 10.1002/ab.22028. Epub 2022 Mar 22.
Individuals with a higher (vs. lower) tendency to outwardly express anger (i.e., greater anger-out) generally exhibit greater aggression; men (vs. women) also tend to be more aggressive. Although the general aggression model posits that multiple person variables trigger aggression, the combined effects of multiple person variables are poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the nature of the relation between gender, anger-out, and reactive aggression. In particular, we were interested in whether the effects of anger-out and gender are additive or multiplicative. Specifically, we tested whether men exhibit higher levels of aggression than women at a consistent ratio across all levels of anger-out (i.e., the multiplicative model) or at a fixed amount depending on the level of anger-out (i.e., the additive interaction model). To this end, undergraduate participants (N = 203) completed a task in which they were falsely instructed that their objective was to respond more quickly than a same-sex opponent. They were told that whoever responded more quickly would administer a white noise burst to the opponent and choose its intensity, which served as our measure of aggression. Compared to an additive interaction model, the multiplicative model exhibited a better fit. Specifically, men displayed proportionately more aggression than women with the same level of anger-out. Research on and treatment for aggression should consider the multiplicative effects of factors related to aggression.
具有较高(相对于较低)向外表达愤怒倾向(即,更大的愤怒表达)的个体通常表现出更大的攻击性;男性(相对于女性)也往往更具攻击性。尽管一般攻击性模型假设多个个体变量会引发攻击性,但多个个体变量的综合效应仍知之甚少。因此,本研究旨在探讨性别、愤怒表达和反应性攻击性之间的关系本质。特别是,我们有兴趣了解愤怒表达和性别是相加还是相乘的影响。具体来说,我们测试了愤怒表达和性别是否在所有愤怒表达水平上以一致的比例(即乘法模型)或取决于愤怒表达水平的固定量(即加法交互模型)表现出更高的攻击性。为此,本科参与者(N=203)完成了一项任务,他们被错误地指示他们的目标是比同性对手更快地做出反应。他们被告知,谁反应更快,就会向对手发出一阵白噪声,并选择其强度,这就是我们衡量攻击性的标准。与加法交互模型相比,乘法模型表现出更好的拟合度。具体来说,具有相同愤怒表达水平的男性比女性表现出更多的攻击性。对攻击性的研究和治疗应该考虑到与攻击性相关的因素的相乘效应。