Howell J D
Ann Intern Med. 1986 Nov;105(5):772-82. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-5-722.
The meaning of American cardiology has been transformed over the past century. During that time, cardiology has been defined by several organizations: by the American Board of Internal Medicine through subspecialty certifications; by the two major American cardiology societies, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology; and by the four major cardiology journals. These organizations have sometimes cooperated, sometimes competed. Cardiology has also had to negotiate relationships with several external interest groups, including pediatrics, surgery, hospitals, and internal medicine. Throughout the 20th century, the word cardiology has had no meaning save its definition within a larger web of organizations, relationships, and ideas. The meaning, like the meaning of all specialties and subspecialties, is historically mediated and constantly changing.
在过去的一个世纪里，美国心脏病学的含义已经发生了转变。在那段时间里，心脏病学由几个组织定义：通过亚专业认证由美国内科医学委员会定义；由美国两个主要的心脏病学学会，即美国心脏协会和美国心脏病学会定义；以及由四大心脏病学杂志定义。这些组织有时合作，有时竞争。心脏病学还必须与几个外部利益集团协商关系，包括儿科学、外科、医院和内科。在整个20世纪，“心脏病学”这个词除了在一个更大的组织、关系和思想网络中的定义之外，没有其他意义。其含义，就像所有专业和亚专业的含义一样，是由历史介导且不断变化的。
