Jones E B Gareth, Ramakrishna Sundari, Vikineswary Sabaratnam, Das Diptosh, Bahkali Ali H, Guo Sheng-Yu, Pang Ka-Lai
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Mar 11;8(3):291. doi: 10.3390/jof8030291.
With the over 2000 marine fungi and fungal-like organisms documented so far, some have adapted fully to life in the sea, while some have the ability to tolerate environmental conditions in the marine milieu. These organisms have evolved various mechanisms for growth in the marine environment, especially against salinity gradients. This review highlights the response of marine fungi, fungal-like organisms and terrestrial fungi (for comparison) towards salinity variations in terms of their growth, spore germination, sporulation, physiology, and genetic adaptability. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial fungi and fungal-like organisms vary greatly in their response to salinity. Generally, terrestrial and freshwater fungi grow, germinate and sporulate better at lower salinities, while marine fungi do so over a wide range of salinities. Zoosporic fungal-like organisms are more sensitive to salinity than true fungi, especially Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Labyrinthulomycota and marine Oomycota are more salinity tolerant than saprolegniaceous organisms in terms of growth and reproduction. Wide adaptability to saline conditions in marine or marine-related habitats requires mechanisms for maintaining accumulation of ions in the vacuoles, the exclusion of high levels of sodium chloride, the maintenance of turgor in the mycelium, optimal growth at alkaline pH, a broad temperature growth range from polar to tropical waters, and growth at depths and often under anoxic conditions, and these properties may allow marine fungi to positively respond to the challenges that climate change will bring. Other related topics will also be discussed in this article, such as the effect of salinity on secondary metabolite production by marine fungi, their evolution in the sea, and marine endophytes.
迄今为止，已记录了2000多种海洋真菌和类真菌生物，其中一些已完全适应海洋生活，而另一些则有能力耐受海洋环境中的条件。这些生物进化出了各种在海洋环境中生长的机制，尤其是应对盐度梯度的机制。本综述着重介绍了海洋真菌、类真菌生物以及陆地真菌（用于对比）在生长、孢子萌发、产孢、生理和遗传适应性方面对盐度变化的反应。海洋、淡水和陆地真菌及类真菌生物对盐度的反应差异很大。一般来说，陆地和淡水真菌在低盐度下生长、萌发和产孢更好，而海洋真菌在较宽的盐度范围内都能如此。游动孢子类真菌生物比真正的真菌对盐度更敏感，尤其是子囊菌门和担子菌门。就生长和繁殖而言，迷宫菌门和海洋卵菌门比水霉目生物更耐盐。要在海洋或与海洋相关的栖息地广泛适应盐性条件，需要具备多种机制，包括在液泡中维持离子积累、排除高浓度的氯化钠、维持菌丝体的膨压、在碱性pH值下实现最佳生长、在从极地到热带水域的广泛温度范围内生长，以及在深海且通常是缺氧条件下生长，而这些特性可能使海洋真菌能够积极应对气候变化带来的挑战。本文还将讨论其他相关主题，例如盐度对海洋真菌次生代谢产物产生的影响、它们在海洋中的进化以及海洋内生菌。
