College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Aug;29(37):56291-56308. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19816-5. Epub 2022 Mar 25.
Coal consumption brings a lot of coal fly ash (CFA). It requires interdisciplinary efforts in research, policy, and practice to improve the utilization of CFA. Although there have been a lot of achievements in technological innovation, the utilization of CFA is still difficult to match its output. So, it is urgent to explore how to guide its effective innovation. This paper uses social network analysis to discuss the characteristics of the collaborative innovation network of CFA comprehensive utilization technology in China. Then, this paper uses regression analysis to explore the differences in innovation performance under different research and development (R&D) backgrounds. The results show that (1) based on the network-level indicators, the collaborative innovation scale has an obvious trend of expanding. Partnerships increased from 20 to 574. Meanwhile, the network shows obvious scale-free and "small-world" characteristics, indicating that innovation resources are concentrated in a few organizations. (2) Based on the node-level indicators, the major contributor has shifted from universities and research institutions to enterprises. Enterprises account for the highest proportion (73%) and have the highest centrality (8.3). The betweenness centrality of the universities is 265, and only 14% of the organizations are universities which means universities play an important role in connecting different organizations in the network, but their participation in the collaborative innovation is insufficient. (3) Based on the collaborative relationship-level indicators, the cooperation is lack of depth. Only a small number of organizations, especially enterprises, have stable partners, showing the characteristic of "low cooperation width and high cooperation depth," which means fewer partners but more frequently collaborative innovation. (4) Based on the innovation performance, the innovation performance under the category of cooperative R&D, especially industry-academy cooperation, is better than that of independent R&D. But, industry-academy cooperation only occupied 43% of collaborative relationships in the network. Finally, this paper puts forward suggestions for governments from five aspects: decentralization, defining roles of enterprise and university, encouraging collaboration, changing the idea of the patent application, and promoting deeper cooperation.
煤炭消耗带来了大量的粉煤灰（CFA）。需要跨学科的努力，包括研究、政策和实践，以提高 CFA 的利用效率。尽管在技术创新方面取得了很多成就，但 CFA 的利用仍然难以与其产量相匹配。因此，迫切需要探索如何引导其有效的创新。本文使用社会网络分析方法讨论了中国粉煤灰综合利用技术协同创新网络的特点。然后，本文使用回归分析方法探讨了不同研发（R&D）背景下创新绩效的差异。结果表明：（1）基于网络层面的指标，协同创新规模呈现明显扩大趋势。合作关系从 20 个增加到 574 个。同时，网络表现出明显的无标度和“小世界”特征，表明创新资源集中在少数几个组织中。（2）基于节点层面的指标，主要贡献者已从大学和研究机构转移到企业。企业占比最高（73%），中心度最高（8.3）。高校的介数中心度为 265，只有 14%的组织是高校，这意味着高校在网络中连接不同组织方面发挥了重要作用，但它们参与协同创新的程度不足。（3）基于协同关系层面的指标，合作缺乏深度。只有少数组织，特别是企业，拥有稳定的合作伙伴，呈现出“低合作宽度、高合作深度”的特点，即合作伙伴较少，但协同创新更为频繁。（4）基于创新绩效，合作研发（特别是产学研合作）的创新绩效优于独立研发。但是，产学研合作仅占网络中协同关系的 43%。最后，本文从五个方面为政府提出建议：权力下放、明确企业和高校的角色、鼓励合作、转变专利申请观念以及促进更深层次的合作。
