Doctoral Program in Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, 8786UC, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
Doctoral Program in Clinical Science in Child & Adolescent Psychology, 5450Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
J Interpers Violence. 2023 Jan;38(1-2):NP698-NP725. doi: 10.1177/08862605221081932. Epub 2022 Mar 26.
Exposure to community violence (ECV) poses a prevalent threat to the health and development of adolescents. Research indicates those who have more Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are at higher risk for ECV, which further exacerbates risk of negative mental and physical health impacts. Additionally, those with more ACEs are more likely to exhibit conduct problems, which has also been linked to risk for ECV. Despite the prevalence and impact of ECV, there is limited longitudinal research on the risk factors that precede this exposure as well as family-level factors that may prevent it. The current study examined conduct problems as a potential mediator between ACEs and future indirect (i.e. witnessing) ECV in adolescents. Additionally, this study included caregiver factors, such as caregiver knowledge about their adolescent, caregiver involvement, and caregiver-adolescent relationship quality as potential protective moderators. Participants included (N = 1137) caregiver-adolescent dyads identified as at-risk for child maltreatment prior to child's age four for inclusion in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Conduct problems at age 14 mediated the relationship between ACEs from ages 0-12 and indirect ECV at age 16 (standardized indirect effect = .03, p = .005). Caregiver knowledge moderated the indirect relationship (b = -.40, p = .030), and caregiver involvement moderated the direct relationship between ACEs and indirect ECV (b = -.03, p = .033). Findings expand our knowledge about the longitudinal pathways that increase risk of violence exposure over the course of adolescent development, as well as the protective benefits caregivers can offer to disrupt these pathways and reduce risk of future traumatization. Implications are discussed for interventions that aim to address and prevent trauma and adverse outcomes among youth exposed to child maltreatment, household dysfunction, and community violence.
社区暴力（ECV）暴露对青少年的健康和发展构成普遍威胁。研究表明，那些经历过更多不良童年经历（ACEs）的人面临更高的 ECV 风险，这进一步加剧了负面身心健康影响的风险。此外，那些 ACEs 较多的人更有可能表现出行为问题，这也与 ECV 风险有关。尽管 ECV 很普遍，但其影响也很大，但对这种暴露之前的风险因素以及可能预防这种暴露的家庭层面因素的纵向研究有限。本研究考察了行为问题是否是 ACEs 与青少年未来间接（即目睹）ECV 之间的潜在中介。此外，本研究还包括照顾者因素，例如照顾者对青少年的了解、照顾者的参与程度以及照顾者-青少年关系质量，这些因素可能是潜在的保护调节因素。参与者包括（N = 1137）在孩子四岁之前被确定为有儿童虐待风险的照顾者-青少年对子，以纳入儿童虐待和忽视的纵向研究（LONGSCAN）。14 岁时的行为问题在 0-12 岁时 ACEs 与 16 岁时间接 ECV 之间的关系中起中介作用（标准化间接效应 =.03，p =.005）。照顾者知识调节了间接关系（b = -.40，p =.030），照顾者参与调节了 ACEs 与间接 ECV 之间的直接关系（b = -.03，p =.033）。这些发现扩展了我们对增加青少年发展过程中暴力暴露风险的纵向途径的认识，以及照顾者为打破这些途径和降低未来创伤风险提供的保护益处。讨论了旨在解决和预防遭受儿童虐待、家庭功能障碍和社区暴力的青年创伤和不良后果的干预措施的影响。
