Nkontcheu Kenko Daniel Brice, Ngameni Norbert Tchamadeu
Zoology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South-West Region, Cameroon.
Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit, Dschang School of Science and Technology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67 Dschang, West Region, Cameroon.
Heliyon. 2022 Mar 21;8(3):e09154. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09154. eCollection 2022 Mar.
Pesticide utilization in agriculture has many harmful effects of non-target organisms. This study assessed pesticide risk to bees using PRIMET (Pesticide Risks in the Tropics to Man, Environment and Trade), a pesticide risk model. Data was collected on pesticide application scheme (active ingredient, crop, dose, number of applications, application interval) and ecotoxicological properties (LD). These two groups of variables were introduced one after the other in PRIMET 2.0 to obtain the Predicted Exposure Concentration (PEC), No Effect Concentration (NEC) and Exposure Toxicity Ratio (ETR = PEC/NEC). Eight insecticides (out of 15 assessed) and 1 nematicide (out of 1) posed a to bees with imidacloprid (PEC = 4412 g/ha; ETR = 1.09E+07) at the top position. Six insecticides (out of 16), and 1 nematicide (out of 1) posed a to bees. The insecticide oxamyl (PEC = 2044g/ha, ETR = 87) had the highest ETR in this category, followed by the nematicide ethoprophos (PEC = 5.4E+04 g/ha; ETR = 69). The results of this study revealed that 27 compounds, including 1 insecticide (out of 15), 10 herbicides (out of 10) and 16 fungicides (out of 16) posed to bees. Herbicides and fungicides appeared "safer" for bees as compared to other pesticide families. The fungicides, mancozeb (PEC = 1 g/ha, ETR = 0.006) and maneb (PEC = 1 g/ha, ETR = 0.006) had the lowest ETR out of all the 43 compounds assessed in the study. Regulation on the importation, distribution and use should be reinforced for very hazardous compounds such as imidacloprid, carbofuran, thiamethoxam and metaldehyde. Substituting the most toxic pesticides with less toxic ones such as novaluron (insecticide), oxadiazon (herbicide), mancozeb (fungicide) and maneb (fungicide) may help to reduce pesticide pressure on the environment.
农业中农药的使用对非目标生物有许多有害影响。本研究使用农药风险模型PRIMET（热带地区农药对人类、环境和贸易的风险）评估了农药对蜜蜂的风险。收集了农药施用方案（活性成分、作物、剂量、施用量、施用间隔）和生态毒理学特性（半数致死剂量）的数据。将这两组变量依次输入PRIMET 2.0中，以获得预测暴露浓度（PEC）、无效应浓度（NEC）和暴露毒性比（ETR = PEC/NEC）。15种评估的杀虫剂中有8种以及1种杀线虫剂对蜜蜂构成风险，其中吡虫啉（PEC = 4412克/公顷；ETR = 1.09E+07）位居榜首。16种杀虫剂中有6种以及1种杀线虫剂对蜜蜂构成风险。杀虫剂杀线威（PEC = 2044克/公顷，ETR = 87）在这一类中ETR最高，其次是杀线虫剂灭线磷（PEC = 5.4E+04克/公顷；ETR = 69）。本研究结果表明，包括1种杀虫剂（15种中的1种）、10种除草剂（10种中的10种）和16种杀菌剂（16种中的16种）在内的27种化合物对蜜蜂构成风险。与其他农药类别相比，除草剂和杀菌剂对蜜蜂似乎“更安全”。在本研究评估的所有43种化合物中，杀菌剂代森锰锌（PEC = 1克/公顷，ETR = 0.006）和代森锰（PEC = 1克/公顷，ETR = 0.006）的ETR最低。对于吡虫啉、克百威、噻虫嗪和聚乙醛等极具危险性的化合物，应加强对其进口、分销和使用的监管。用毒性较小的农药替代毒性最大的农药，如虱螨脲（杀虫剂）、恶草酮（除草剂）、代森锰锌（杀菌剂）和代森锰（杀菌剂），可能有助于减轻农药对环境的压力。
