Substitution of cane molasses for corn grain at two levels of degradable protein. I. Lactating cow performance, nutrition model predictions, and potential basis for butterfat and intake responses.

Little data is presently available on our ability to predict the combined effect of modifying diets with feeds rich in sugars or starch (ST) and rumen-degradable protein (RDP) on the performance of high-producing dairy cows. The objective of this study was to compare responses of 59 lactating Holstein cows to substitution of cane molasses (Mol) for dry corn grain (CG) at 3 levels of Mol and 2 levels of RDP (+RDP or -RDP) in a randomized complete block design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Also, lactation responses predicted by 2 nutritional models were compared with observed responses, with Mol composition entered so that nonnutritive materials in Mol were not counted as potentially digestible carbohydrate. We hypothesized that dry matter (DM) intake and milk fat percentage responses would increase with increasing Mol and would potentially be greater with +RDP. For evaluation of the nutritional models, we adopted the null hypothesis that observed and predicted lactation performance would not differ. Cows were individually fed a common diet during a 2-wk covariate period followed by 8 wk on experimental diets. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and provide similar amounts of ST and water-soluble carbohydrates. Experimental diets contained, on a DM basis, 35% corn silage, 20% alfalfa silage, and 16.6% crude protein. The 0, 5.25, and 10.5% Mol diets respectively contained 19.0, 14.5, and 10.0% CG; 28, 25, and 22% ST; and 5.5, 8.5, and 11.5% water-soluble carbohydrates. At 10 wk on study, cows averaged 45.5 kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM). The DM intake (DMI), and yields of milk, milk protein, and ECM, and milk N/intake N declined linearly with increasing Mol. Differences among diets were not detected for milk fat yield and ECM/DMI. No RDP or interaction effects were detected for these measures. That milk production efficiency did not differ across diets suggests that DMI was a primary driver of performance. The similar ECM/DMI and maintenance of milk fat yield would not have been predicted based on Mol and CG composition but may relate to differences in fermentation rates and products. As explanation for these results, we hypothesize that more rapid ruminal evolution of volatile fatty acids post-ingestion with Mol compared with CG may have provided masses of acetate and butyrate in excess of existing energy and synthetic needs that were shunted to milk fat production, and of propionate that depressed intake. The 2001 Dairy National Research Council model and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System 6.55 in Nutritional Dynamic System Professional (2021) estimates of metabolizable protein-allowable ECM underestimated actual ECM for +RDP diets by 4.5 and 2.3 kg, respectively, and came close or overestimated for -RDP diets by 0.25 and 5.0 kg, respectively. Prediction discrepancies suggest issues with valuation of dietary protein based on degradability. Improved understanding of factors mediating these results would likely enhance our ability to predict animal responses.