Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45 E, 15-351 Białystok, Poland.
Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 15;830:154791. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154791. Epub 2022 Mar 26.
Sandy soils occur in different regions throughout the world. In spite of poor quality, they are being used in crop production. The use of sandy soils for crop production requires soil-improving cropping systems (SICS). The aim of this study was to determine the spatial relationships of soil properties including intrinsic texture and relatively stable organic carbon, pH(KCl), cation exchange capacity, and cereal yield (grain and straw yields and plant height) in response to random application of SICS using geostatistics and maps. A 4-year field experiment included the following crop rotation: oat, wheat, wheat and oat and SICS: the control (C) and SICS: liming (L), leguminous catch crops for green manure (LU), farmyard manure (M), and farmyard manure+liming+leguminous catch crops together (M + L + LU). The use of the soil properties as auxiliary variables in the cross-semivariograms improved the prediction of the spatial distribution of the cereal yield, compared to the semi-variograms. The cokriging maps showed positional similarity between the cereal yield, the application of some SICS, and soil textural fractions. The application of M and M + L + LU providing the greatest amounts of organic matter and nitrogen was an effective measure in increasing cereal yields in sub-areas with low contents of sand, compared with the C, L, and LU variants. This increase in the yield was most pronounced in the last study year with an adequate rainfall amount and distribution during the growing season. The similar spatial effects of the SICS M and M + L + LU suggest that the application of M can be in part replaced by incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen-fixing legume catch crops and liming with maintenance of the same productivity and nitrogen supply. The spatial interrelations of the yield response, soil texture, and SICS type will help in selection of the most effective SICS in terms of cereal productivity, depending on local soil conditions.
沙质土壤存在于世界各地的不同地区。尽管质量较差，但它们仍被用于作物生产。在作物生产中使用沙质土壤需要改良土壤的种植系统（SICS）。本研究的目的是利用地统计学和地图来确定土壤特性（包括固有质地和相对稳定的有机碳、pH（KCl）、阳离子交换量和谷物产量（籽粒和秸秆产量以及株高）的空间关系，这些土壤特性是对随机应用 SICS 的响应。一项为期 4 年的田间试验包括以下轮作：燕麦、小麦、小麦和燕麦以及 SICS：对照（C）和 SICS：石灰（L）、绿肥豆科作物（LU）、农家肥（M）和农家肥+石灰+绿肥豆科作物一起（M+L+LU）。与半变异函数相比，将土壤特性用作交叉半变异函数的辅助变量可提高对谷物产量空间分布的预测。协克里金图显示，谷物产量、某些 SICS 的应用以及土壤质地分数之间具有位置相似性。与 C、L 和 LU 变体相比，M 和 M+L+LU 的施用提供了大量的有机物和氮，是在砂含量较低的亚区增加谷物产量的有效措施。在研究的最后一年，当生长季节的降雨量和分布充足时，这种产量的增加最为明显。M 和 M+L+LU 的 SICS 具有相似的空间效应，这表明在维持相同生产力和氮供应的情况下，M 的施用部分可以用大气固氮豆科绿肥的施用和石灰来替代。产量响应、土壤质地和 SICS 类型之间的空间相互关系将有助于根据当地土壤条件选择最有效的 SICS，以提高谷物生产力。
