Mabhuye Edmund B, Yanda Pius Z, Mwajombe Anselm
Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Environ Manage. 2023 Jan;71(1):55-73. doi: 10.1007/s00267-022-01627-6. Epub 2022 Mar 30.
In Tanzania, the piloting phase for the Reduced Emission from Deforestation and forest Degradation lasted for almost 8 years, between 2008 and 2016. REDD+ pilot projects were implemented to document critical lessons that would inform the development of REDD policy in the country, including the development of REDD strategy and Action Plan that the government endorsed in March 2013. Major thematic areas for piloting were to understand the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, community engagement approaches, alternative livelihoods in the context of REDD+, measurement, reporting and verification of carbon issues in the context of REDD+ and financing questions. In western Tanzania, REDD+ was implemented in the same vein, with several activities employed with the involvement of state and non-state actors. This study evaluated the success and failure of the REDD+ mechanism in the Masito-Ugalla Ecosystem to draw lessons for future REDD+ implementation. This study employed a cross-sectional design that applied a mixed methods approach in collecting primary and secondary data, including 528 questionnaires, eight focus group discussions and data from direct observations. Before the REDD+ pilot, results indicate the existence of different forms of forest management, both traditional and modern, with traditional approaches being stricter than conventional and whose strength lost over time. The rise of conventional approaches was to alleviate deforestation that started in the aftermath that necessitated the development and implementation of conservation projects, whereby the REDD+ pilot is credited for stakeholder involvement and awareness creation programmes. However, it was challenging to balance conservation under REDD+ and community socio-economic development to achieve sustainable forest management targets, including alleviating shifting cultivation. The lack of completion of REDD+ activities such as the sale of carbon credits due to its short lifespan was an indication of REDD+ failure to achieve its milestones. Results illustrate further that transparency in planning for benefits distribution among actors, community empowerment, equity and equality and community responsiveness are necessary to foster community participation in SFM processes. Unless the transfer of tenure rights from the government (especially in JFM) to communities surrounding forests, it will be hard for local communities to effectively participate in future SFM activities. Findings highlight the need to clearly define how local communities surrounding forests can sustainably be engaged in management and conservation and benefit from their engagement in such processes.
在坦桑尼亚，减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量（REDD+）的试点阶段从2008年持续到2016年，历时近8年。实施了REDD+试点项目，以记录关键经验教训，为该国REDD政策的制定提供参考，包括制定政府于2013年3月批准的REDD战略和行动计划。试点的主要主题领域包括了解毁林和森林退化的驱动因素、社区参与方式、REDD+背景下的替代生计、REDD+背景下碳问题的测量、报告和核查以及融资问题。在坦桑尼亚西部，REDD+也以同样的方式实施，国家和非国家行为体参与了多项活动。本研究评估了马西托-乌加拉生态系统中REDD+机制的成败，以便为未来REDD+的实施吸取经验教训。本研究采用横断面设计，运用混合方法收集一手和二手数据，包括528份问卷、8次焦点小组讨论以及直接观察数据。结果表明，在REDD+试点之前，存在传统和现代等不同形式的森林管理，传统方法比常规方法更为严格，但其效力会随着时间的推移而减弱。常规方法的兴起是为了缓解灾后开始的毁林现象，这就需要制定和实施保护项目，REDD+试点因利益相关者参与和提高认识方案而受到赞誉。然而，要在REDD+下的保护与社区社会经济发展之间取得平衡，以实现可持续森林管理目标，包括缓解轮垦，具有挑战性。由于REDD+活动寿命较短，碳信用额度销售等REDD+活动未能完成，这表明REDD+未能实现其目标。结果进一步表明，在规划行为体之间的利益分配时保持透明度、增强社区权能、实现公平和平等以及社区做出响应，对于促进社区参与可持续森林管理进程是必要的。除非将林权从政府（特别是在联合森林管理中）转让给森林周边社区，否则当地社区将难以有效参与未来的可持续森林管理活动。研究结果凸显了明确界定森林周边当地社区如何能够可持续地参与管理和保护并从其参与此类进程中受益的必要性。
