From the Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022 Jun 1;41(6):496-506. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003525. Epub 2022 May 6.
Increased nasopharyngeal carriage of pathogenic bacteria is found in low socioeconomic status (SES) settings. How SES affects local immune responses, important for controlling colonization, is currently unknown.
Examining bacterial colonization and cytokine response in the nasal mucosa of children from high and low SES.
Nasosorption samples were collected in October 2019 from 48 high SES and 50 low SES schoolchildren, in a cross-sectional study in Makassar, Indonesia. Twenty-five cytokines were measured in nasal fluid. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine carriage and density of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression.
H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae densities were increased in low SES settings compared to the high SES settings (P = 0.006, P = 0.026), with 6 and 67 times higher median densities, respectively. Densities of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were positively associated with levels of IL-1beta and IL-6. After correcting for bacterial density, IL-6 levels were higher in colonized children from high SES than low SES for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae (both P = 0.039).
Increased densities of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were observed in low SES children, whereas IL-6 levels associated with colonization were reduced in these children, indicating that immune responses to bacterial colonization were altered by SES.
在社会经济地位（SES）较低的环境中，发现鼻咽部携带的致病菌增加。目前尚不清楚 SES 如何影响局部免疫反应，而局部免疫反应对于控制定植至关重要。
检测 SES 高低的儿童鼻腔黏膜中的细菌定植和细胞因子反应。
在印度尼西亚望加锡进行的一项横断面研究中，于 2019 年 10 月收集了 48 名 SES 较高和 50 名 SES 较低的学龄儿童的鼻抽吸样本。测量鼻液中的 25 种细胞因子。采用定量聚合酶链反应法确定携带和密度的流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、卡他莫拉菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。使用多元回归分析数据。
与 SES 较高的环境相比，SES 较低的环境中 H. influenzae 和 S. pneumoniae 的密度增加（P = 0.006，P = 0.026），中位数密度分别增加了 6 倍和 67 倍。H. influenzae 和 S. pneumoniae 的密度与 IL-1beta 和 IL-6 水平呈正相关。在校正细菌密度后，SES 较高的定植儿童的 IL-6 水平高于 SES 较低的定植儿童的 H. influenzae 和 S. pneumoniae（均 P = 0.039）。
SES 较低的儿童中观察到 H. influenzae 和 S. pneumoniae 的密度增加，而与定植相关的 IL-6 水平在这些儿童中降低，表明 SES 改变了对细菌定植的免疫反应。
