School of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022 Mar 28;2022:9554396. doi: 10.1155/2022/9554396. eCollection 2022.
Time synchronization is the basis of coordination and cooperation in underwater acoustic networks. However, because of the propagation delay, node mobility, and Doppler shift, it is impossible to balance the accuracy and energy consumption simply in water. As a promising technology, partial clustering has high convergence and makes breakthroughs in time synchronization. This paper proposes PCDE-Sync, a novel synchronization mechanism with partial clustering and the Doppler effect. Firstly, a clustering method built on the artificial fish swarm algorithm is presented. It models the cluster construction according to fish's preying, swarming, and following behaviors. Secondly, we design a synchronization mechanism to conduct clock correction and compensation by the Doppler effect. Finally, we compare the performance of PCDE-Sync with the most advanced protocols, namely MU-Sync, MM-Sync, and DE-Sync, in terms of the cumulative error after synchronization, the mean square error under different clock skew and that under distinctive node mobility, and energy consumption. The experimental results show that PCDE-Sync makes a trade-off between accuracy and complexity, which does well in solving synchronization issues.
时间同步是水下声网络协调和合作的基础。然而，由于传播延迟、节点移动性和多普勒频移，在水中很难简单地平衡准确性和能量消耗。作为一种有前途的技术，部分聚类具有较高的收敛性，并在时间同步方面取得突破。本文提出了一种基于部分聚类和多普勒效应的新型同步机制 PCDE-Sync。首先，提出了一种基于人工鱼群算法的聚类方法，根据鱼的觅食、洄游和跟随行为来构建聚类。其次，设计了一种同步机制，通过多普勒效应进行时钟校正和补偿。最后，将 PCDE-Sync 的性能与最先进的协议 MU-Sync、MM-Sync 和 DE-Sync 进行比较，比较指标包括同步后的累积误差、不同时钟偏斜下的均方误差以及不同节点移动性下的均方误差和能量消耗。实验结果表明，PCDE-Sync 在准确性和复杂性之间进行了权衡，在解决同步问题方面表现出色。
