Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Ecology Department, Fahrenheitstrae 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany 2Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strae 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany 3Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Balboa, Panama, Republic of Panama.
Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Ecology Department, Fahrenheitstrae 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany 2Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strae 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany .
Zootaxa. 2022 Jan 26;5093(2):101-141. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.1.
The hamlets (Hypoplectrus spp., Perciformes: Serranidae) constitute a distinctive model system for the study of a variety of ecological and evolutionary processes including the evolution and maintenance of simultaneous hermaphroditism and egg trading, sex allocation, sexual selection, social-trap, mimicry, dispersal, speciation, and adaptive radiation. Addressing such fundamental and complex processes requires a good knowledge of the taxonomy and natural history of the hamlets. Here, we review the taxonomy of the hamlets, from early ichthyological studies to the most recent species description in 2018. We report a total of 72 different binomial names for Hypoplectrus, synonymized or invalidated down to 17 unambiguously recognized species today. In addition, we redescribe Hypoplectrus affinis (Poey, 1861) as a valid species. In Bocas del Toro (Panama), this hamlet is distinct from eight sympatric congeners in terms of colour pattern, body size and behaviour. Whole-genome analysis and spawning observations indicate that it is genetically distinct from sympatric congeners and reproductively isolated through assortative pairing. Based on the colour pattern we detail in its redescription, live-fish photographs, videos, and earlier reports, H. affinis occurs in Panama, Nicaragua, Mexico, the Florida Keys, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Los Roques (Venezuela), Bonaire, and Tobago. We conclude with a discussion of pending taxonomic issues in this group and the species status of the hamlets in general.
濑鱼（Hypoplectrus spp.，鲈形目：鮨科）是一个独特的模式生物系统，可用于研究多种生态和进化过程，包括雌雄同体和卵交易、性分配、性选择、社会性陷阱、拟态、扩散、物种形成和适应辐射的进化和维持。要解决这些基本而复杂的过程，需要对濑鱼的分类学和自然史有很好的了解。在这里，我们回顾了濑鱼的分类学，从早期的鱼类学研究到 2018 年最近的物种描述。我们报告了 Hypoplectrus 共有 72 个不同的二项式名称，其中包括同义词或无效名称，目前只剩下 17 个明确认可的物种。此外，我们将 Hypoplectrus affinis（Poey，1861）重新描述为有效物种。在巴拿马的博卡斯德尔托罗（Bocas del Toro），这种濑鱼在颜色图案、体型和行为方面与 8 种同域近缘种明显不同。全基因组分析和产卵观察表明，它在遗传上与同域近缘种不同，通过有性选择进行生殖隔离。根据我们在重新描述中详述的颜色图案、活鱼照片、视频和早期报道，H. affinis 分布于巴拿马、尼加拉瓜、墨西哥、佛罗里达群岛、古巴、大开曼岛、牙买加、多米尼加共和国、罗克斯群岛（委内瑞拉）、博奈尔岛和多巴哥岛。最后，我们讨论了该组中悬而未决的分类问题以及濑鱼的一般物种状况。
