Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Esenler Gynecology and Pediatrics State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
World J Surg. 2022 Jul;46(7):1686-1690. doi: 10.1007/s00268-022-06531-y. Epub 2022 Apr 10.
In the seventeenth century Ottoman Istanbul, especially Greek surgeons specialized in hernia surgery. Both Muslim and non-Muslim patients had signed contracts with surgeons in sharia courts before undergoing a surgery. In this study, we analyze these documents, which serve as informed consent in the Ottoman period, in detail.
We used Istanbul Sharia Court Registers (Istanbul Sicils) as the primary information source. We scanned a total of twenty nine registers dating back to the seventeenth century. In six of these registers, we determined a total of twenty one informed consents (known as rıza senedi in Turkish literature) regarding hernia surgery and surgeons. Based on these data, we examined the surgeons and hernia surgeries, the fees received by surgeons, and the informed consent documents of the seventeenth-century Istanbul.
In the scanned informed consents, we identified five male surgeons and twenty one patients. While four of the surgeons were Greek, one of them was Muslim. The contracts show that the patients were informed about possible complications before operations, and their permissions were obtained accordingly. The contracts also clearly state that a blood-money from the surgeons would not be requested if a patient dies during or after an operation. The cost of operations ranged between 500 and 2100 aḳče.
The patient-physician relationship in Ottomans was seen as a business relationship. Medical processes were recorded in courts before treatment fees were paid. These court records had been a practice that protected the patients and the physicians in terms of criminal liability.
在 17 世纪的奥斯曼帝国伊斯坦布尔，特别擅长疝气手术的是希腊外科医生。穆斯林和非穆斯林患者在接受手术前都与伊斯兰教法法院的外科医生签订了合同。在这项研究中，我们详细分析了这些在奥斯曼时期作为知情同意书的文件。
我们使用伊斯坦布尔伊斯兰教法法院登记册（Istanbul Sicils）作为主要信息来源。我们总共扫描了 29 个可追溯到 17 世纪的登记册。在其中的六个登记册中，我们总共确定了 21 份关于疝气手术和外科医生的知情同意书（在土耳其文献中称为 rıza senedi）。基于这些数据，我们研究了外科医生和疝气手术、外科医生收到的费用以及 17 世纪伊斯坦布尔的知情同意书。
在扫描的知情同意书中，我们确定了五名男性外科医生和 21 名患者。虽然其中四名外科医生是希腊人，但其中一名是穆斯林。合同显示，在手术前，患者被告知了可能出现的并发症，并获得了相应的许可。合同还明确规定，如果患者在手术过程中或手术后死亡，不会向外科医生索要血钱。手术费用在 500 到 2100 阿克切之间。
奥斯曼时期的医患关系被视为一种商业关系。在支付治疗费用之前，医疗程序会在法院记录。这些法院记录是一种实践，在刑事责任方面保护了患者和医生。
