2640 Meters Closer to the Stars: Does High Altitude Affect Fontan Results?

BACKGROUND

Risk factors for and postoperative results of the Fontan operation in patients living at high altitude (>2500 meters above sea level) in the Andean region remain unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate immediate postoperative outcomes and to assess short- and long-term functional class after the Fontan operation.

METHODS

From June 2003 to February 2019, 104 patients receiving the Fontan procedure at 2640 meters (8661 feet) above sea level were retrospectively studied. Preoperative catheterization, intraoperative variables, and postoperative outcomes were described. Functional class was evaluated in patients living permanently below (group I) and at or higher than 2500 meters (8202 feet) above sea level (group II). Risk factors for mortality were analyzed.

RESULTS

Median age at operation was 8.5 ± 4.4 years; pulmonary artery pressure, 16.2 ± 3.6 mm Hg; end-diastolic systemic ventricular pressure, 13.3 ± 3.8 mm Hg; and pulmonary vascular resistance index, 2.1 (interquartile range, 07-3.7) Wood units. Chest tube duration was 8.5 (6-12) days. Mortality was 4.8%, with 0 in the last 5 years. Higher preoperative pulmonary pressure (16.2 ± 3.6 mm Hg vs 21.2 ± 3.40 mm Hg; P = .01), aortic cross-clamp time (P < .001), and renal failure (P < .01) were associated with mortality. Functional class improved to class I in 86.4%. Overall survival was 90.7% at 10 years of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased pulmonary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index are directly related to high altitude. The Fontan-Kreutzer operation performed at high altitude in the Andean region is feasible with good results. We routinely fenestrate all cases to avoid dysfunction in the early postoperative period. Functional status is adequate after the operation.