Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D 24105 Kiel, Germany.
University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Shepherd Res. Lab, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.
Nutrients. 2022 Apr 6;14(7):1526. doi: 10.3390/nu14071526.
The historical 1975 Reference Man is a ‘model’ that had been used as a basis for the calculation of radiation doses, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, sizes for organ transplantation and ergonomic optimizations in the industry, e.g., to plan dimensions of seats and other formats. The 1975 Reference Man was not an average individual of a population; it was based on the multiple characteristics of body compositions that at that time were available, i.e., mainly from autopsy data. Faced with recent technological advances, new mathematical models and socio-demographic changes within populations characterized by an increase in elderly and overweight subjects a timely ‘state-of-the-art’ 2021 Reference Body are needed. To perform this, in vivo human body composition data bases in Kiel, Baton Rouge, San Francisco and Honolulu were analyzed and detailed 2021 Reference Bodies, and they were built for both sexes and two age groups (≤40 yrs and >40 yrs) at BMIs of 20, 25, 30 and 40 kg/m2. We have taken an integrative approach to address ‘structure−structure’ and ‘structure−function’ relationships at the whole-body level using in depth body composition analyses as assessed by gold standard methods, i.e., whole body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the 4-compartment (4C-) model (based on deuterium dilution, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body densitometry). In addition, data obtained by a three-dimensional optical scanner were used to assess body shape. The future applications of the 2021 Reference Body relate to mathematical modeling to address complex metabolic processes and pharmacokinetics using a multi-level/multi-scale approach defining health within the contexts of neurohumoral and metabolic control.
历史上的 1975 年参考人是一个“模型”，曾被用作计算辐射剂量、代谢、药代动力学、器官移植大小和工业人体工程学优化的基础，例如，用于规划座椅和其他格式的尺寸。1975 年参考人不是人群中的平均个体；它基于当时可用的身体成分的多个特征，即主要来自尸检数据。面对最近的技术进步、新的数学模型和人口统计学变化，需要一个及时的“最先进”的 2021 年参考人体，以适应人口中老年人和超重人群的增加。为此，分析了基尔、巴吞鲁日、旧金山和火奴鲁鲁的人体体内成分数据库，并详细构建了 2021 年参考人体，适用于男性和女性以及两个年龄组（≤40 岁和>40 岁），体重指数为 20、25、30 和 40kg/m2。我们采用了一种综合方法，使用深入的身体成分分析来解决整个身体水平的“结构-结构”和“结构-功能”关系，这些分析是通过金标准方法评估的，即全身磁共振成像（MRI）和 4 compartment（4C-）模型（基于氘稀释、双能 X 射线吸收法和体密度测量法）。此外，还使用三维光学扫描仪获得的数据来评估身体形状。2021 年参考人体的未来应用涉及使用多层次/多尺度方法解决复杂代谢过程和药代动力学的数学建模，从而在神经激素和代谢控制的背景下定义健康。
